中文
Earlier issues
Announcement
More
Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (1): 52-65 DOI: 10.7536/PC201014 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Invited Account •

Fluorescent Probes for Intraoperative Navigation

Yunxue Xu1,2, Renfu Liu1, Kun xu1, Zhifei Dai1,*()   

  1. 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    2 Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Zhifei Dai
  • Supported by:
    the Beijing Natural Science Foundation & Haidian Original Innovation Joint Fund(17L20170); the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No. 2016YFA0201400) , the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(81930047); the National Project for Research and Development of Major Scientific Instruments(81727803); and the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81421004); the Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC-PSF(31961143003)
Richhtml ( 193 ) PDF ( 2032 ) Cited
Export

EndNote

Ris

BibTeX

Fluorescence imaging has a promising application prospect in clinical tumor tracing and intraoperative navigation, by virtue of its simple operation, high resolution, safety and real-time imaging. Though there are no targeted fluorescent probes clinically approved yet, a great number of targeted fluorescent probes are indeed under clinical trials. The very first ones are fluorescent dyes conjugated with tumor-targeting ligands, such as tumor-specific antibodies labeled with near-infrared(NIR) cyanine dye(IRDye800CW) and fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled with folic acid(EC17). In recent years, more complicated fluorescent probes, such as activatable probes and PET/fluorescent dual-modal imaging probes, have gradually entered clinical trials. Based on the latest research progress of fluorescent probes for intraoperative navigation, this review discusses receptor-mediated targeted fluorescent probes, activatable targeted fluorescent probes, NIR-Ⅱ fluorescent probes, multimodal fluorescent probes and theranostic fluorescent probes, with an emphasis on analyzing and summarizing the molecular design principles of fluorescent probes which are undergoing clinical evaluation or with the potential of clinical translation. At last, the future perspectives of fluorescent probes for intraoperative navigation are prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Receptor-mediated targeted fluorescent probe

3 Activatable targeted fluorescent probe

4 NIR-Ⅱ fluorescent probe

5 Multimodal fluorescent probe

6 Theranostic fluorescent probe

7 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: fluorescent intraoperative navigation, receptor-mediated targeted fluorescent probes, activatable targeted fluorescent probes, NIR-Ⅱ imaging, multimodal fluorescent probes, theranostic fluorescent probes, clinical translation
Fig. 1 Chemical structures of some affinity-based probes. (a)IRDye800CW-Antibody;(b)cRGD-ZW800-1;(c)EC-17;(d)OTL38;(e)C dots and (f)the absorbance spectra of its fluorophore Cy5[49]
Fig. 2 Chemical structures and activation mechanisms of reaction-activatable probes. (a)BMV109; (b)GCP-001; (c)LUM105; (d)Lipidated Probe 3; (e)6QCNIR
Fig. 3 (a) The response mechanism of PINS nanoprobes to tumor acidic pH(transition pH=6.9);(b) In a variety of tumor models(head and neck, breast, peritoneal metastasis, etc.), PINS nanoprobes exhibited broad tumor imaging efficacy[16]
Fig. 4 (a) Chemical structure of CH1055 and (b) IR-FEP; (c) The NIR-Ⅱ imaging of tumor based on IR-FEP[82] ; (d) Chemical structure and absorbance/fluorescent emission spectra of FD-1080[85] ; (e) 5H5-based nanoprobe(5H5 NPs) for NIR-Ⅱ and NIR-Ⅱa imaging of tumor[86]
Fig. 5 (a) Schematic illustration of DiI-DiD NBs and the mechanism of its fluorescent/ultrasound dual-modal imaging; (b) Fluorescent and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of the 4T1-luc xenograft tumor with luminal & DiI-DiD NBs[89] ; (c) The chemical structure of OTPA-TQ3; (d) The preoperative fluorescent/photoacoustic imaging obtained extensive tumor information and intraoperative fluorescent/Raman imaging accurately delineate tumor margin[91]
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic of the MMP-2 and GSH activatable prodrug vesicle; (b) Schematic illustration of EAPV-mediated photodynamic immunotherapy of cancer[103]
[1]
Arruebo M, Vilaboa N, Saez-Gutierrez B, Lambea J, Tres A, Valladares M, Gonzalez-Fernandez A. Cancers(Basel), 2011, 3: 3279.
[2]
Bu L, Shen B, Cheng Z. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews , 2014, 76: 21.

doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.008
[3]
Hameed S, Chen H, Irfan M, Bajwa S Z, Khan W S, Baig S M, Dai Z. Bioconjug Chem., 2019, 30: 13.

doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00812
[4]
Namikawa T, Yatabe T, Inoue K, Shuin T, Hanazaki K. World J. Gastroenterol. , 2015, 21: 8769.

doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8769
[5]
Van Manen L, Handgraaf H J M, Diana M, Dijkstra J, Ishizawa T, Vahrmeijer A L, Mieog J S D. J. Surg. Oncol., 2018, 118: 283.

doi: 10.1002/jso.v118.2
[6]
Matsui A, Tanaka E, Choi H S, Kianzad V, Gioux S, Lomnes S J, Frangioni J V. Surgery , 2010, 148: 78.

doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.12.003
[7]
Alander J T, Kaartinen I, Laakso A, Patila T, Spillmann T, Tuchin V V, Venermo M, Valisuo P. Int. J. Biomed. Imaging , 2012, 2012: 940585.
[8]
Yamamichi T, Oue T, Yonekura T, Owari M, Nakahata K, Umeda S, Nara K, Ueno T, Uehara S, Usui N. J. Pediatr. Surg. , 2015, 50: 833.

doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.01.014
[9]
Gao R W, Teraphongphom N, De Boer E, Van Den Berg N S, Divi V, Kaplan M J, Oberhelman N J, Hong S S, Capes E, Colevas A D, Warram J M, Rosenthal E L. Theranostics , 2018, 8: 2488.

doi: 10.7150/thno.24487
[10]
Miller S E, Tummers W S, Teraphongphom N, Van Den Berg N S, Hasan A, Ertsey R D, Nagpal S, Recht L D, Plowey E D, Vogel H, Harsh G R, Grant G A, Li G H, Rosenthal E L. J. Neurooncol. , 2018, 139: 135.

doi: 10.1007/s11060-018-2854-0
[11]
Lamberts L E, Koch M, De Jong J S, Adams A L L, Glatz J, Kranendonk M E G, Terwisscha Van Scheltinga A G T, Jansen L, De Vries J, Lub-De Hooge M N, Schroder C P, Jorritsma-Smit A, Linssen M D, De Boer E, Van Der Vegt B, Nagengast W B, Elias S G, Oliveira S, Witkamp A J, Mali W, Van Der Wall E, Van Diest P J, De Vries E G E, Ntziachristos V, Van Dam G M. Clin. Cancer Res., 2017, 23: 2730.

doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0437
[12]
Ter Weele E J, Terwisscha Van Scheltinga A G, Linssen M D, Nagengast W B, Lindner I, Jorritsma-Smit A, De Vries E G, Kosterink J G, Lub-De Hooge M N. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2016, 104: 226.

doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.05.008
[13]
Mahalingam S M, Kularatne S A, Myers C H, Gagare P, Norshi M, Liu X, Singhal S, Low P S. J. Med. Chem., 2018, 61: 9637.

doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01115
[14]
Burggraaf J, Kamerling I M, Gordon P B, Schrier L, De Kam M L, Kales A J, Bendiksen R, Indrevoll B, Bjerke R M, Moestue S A, Yazdanfar S, Langers A M, Swaerd-Nordmo M, Torheim G, Warren M V, Morreau H, Voorneveld P W, Buckle T, Van Leeuwen F W, Odegardstuen L I, Dalsgaard G T, Healey A, Hardwick J C. Nat. Med., 2015, 21: 955.

doi: 10.1038/nm.3641
[15]
Zhou J, Joshi B P, Duan X, Pant A, Qiu Z, Kuick R, Owens S R, Wang T D. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. , 2015, 6: e101.

doi: 10.1038/ctg.2015.28
[16]
Zhao T, Huang G, Li Y, Yang S, Ramezani S, Lin Z, Wang Y, Ma X, Zeng Z, Luo M, De Boer E, Xie X J, Thibodeaux J, Brekken R A, Sun X, Sumer B D, Gao J. Nat. Biomed. Eng. , 2016, 1: 0006.

doi: 10.1038/s41551-016-0006
[17]
He S, Song J, Qu J, Cheng Z. Chemical Society Reviews , 2018, 47: 4258.

doi: 10.1039/C8CS00234G
[18]
Ding F, Zhan Y, Lu X, Sun Y. Chemical Science , 2018, 9: 4370.

doi: 10.1039/C8SC01153B
[19]
Mankoff D A, Link J M, Linden H M, Sundararajan L, Krohn K A. J. Nucl. Med. , 2008, 49 Suppl 2: 149S
[20]
Boogerd L S F, Hoogstins C E S, Schaap D P, Kusters M, Handgraaf H J M, Van Der Valk M J M, Hilling D E, Holman F A, Peeters K, Mieog J S D, Van De Velde C J H, Farina-Sarasqueta A, Van Lijnschoten I, Framery B, Pelegrin A, Gutowski M, Nienhuijs S W, De Hingh I, Nieuwenhuijzen G a P, Rutten H J T, Cailler F, Burggraaf J, Vahrmeijer A L. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. , 2018, 3: 181.

doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30395-3
[21]
Sturm M B, Joshi B P, Lu S, Piraka C, Khondee S, Elmunzer B J, Kwon R S, Beer D G, Appelman H D, Turgeon D K, Wang T D. Sci. Transl. Med. , 2013, 5: 184ra61.
[22]
Kleinjan G H, Buckle T, Van Willigen D M, Van Oosterom M N, Spa S J, Kloosterboer H E, Van Leeuwen F W. Molecules , 2014, 19: 9876.

doi: 10.3390/molecules19079876
[23]
Crouch B T, Gallagher J, Wang R, Duer J, Hall A, Soo M S, Hughes P, Haystead T, Ramanujam N. Sci. Rep. , 2019, 9: 3461.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40252-y
[24]
Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Oncoimmunology , 2014, 3: e27048.

doi: 10.4161/onci.27048
[25]
Korb M L, Hartman Y E, Kovar J, Zinn K R, Bland K I, Rosenthal E L. J. Surg. Res. , 2014, 188: 119.

doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.1089
[26]
Linssen M D, Ter Weele E J, Allersma D P, Lub-De Hooge M N, Van Dam G M, Jorritsma-Smit A, Nagengast W B. J. Nucl. Med. , 2019, 60: 418.

doi: 10.2967/jnumed.118.216556
[27]
Kurutos A, Ryzhova O, Trusova V, Gorbenko G, Gadjev N, Deligeorgiev T. J. Fluoresc. , 2016, 26: 177.

doi: 10.1007/s10895-015-1700-4
[28]
Cheung L. Fluorescent Imaging with Substituted Cyanine Dyes . US 9248203 B 2. 2016.
[29]
Grandis J R, Tweardy D J. Cancer Research , 1993, 53: 3579.
[30]
Kazazi-Hyseni F, Beijnen J H, Schellens J H. Oncologist , 2010, 15: 819.

doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0317
[31]
Choi H S, Nasr K, Alyabyev S, Feith D, Lee J H, Kim S H, Ashitate Y, Hyun H, Patonay G, Strekowski L, Henary M, Frangioni J V. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. , 2011, 50: 6258.

doi: 10.1002/anie.201102459
[32]
Hyun H, Bordo M W, Nasr K, Feith D, Lee J H, Kim S H, Ashitate Y, Moffitt L A, Rosenberg M, Henary M, Choi H S, Frangioni J V. Contrast Media Mol I , 2012, 7: 516.

doi: 10.1002/cmmi.1484
[33]
De Valk K S, Handgraaf H J, Deken M M, Mulder B G S, Valentijn A R, Van Scheltinga A G T, Kuil J, Van Esdonk M J, Vuijk J, Bevers R F, Peeters K C, Holman F A, Frangioni J V, Burggraaf J, Vahrmeijer A L. Nature Communications , 2019, 10: 3118.

doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11014-1
[34]
Choi H S, Gibbs S L, Lee J H, Kim S H, Ashitate Y, Liu F, Hyun H, Park G, Xie Y, Bae S, Henary M, Frangioni J V. Nat. Biotechnol. , 2013, 31: 148.

doi: 10.1038/nbt.2468
[35]
Pieroth R, Paver S, Day S, Lammersfeld C. Curr. Nutr. Rep. , 2018, 7: 70.

doi: 10.1007/s13668-018-0237-y
[36]
Van Dam G M, Themelis G, Crane L M A, Harlaar N J, Pleijhuis R G, Kelder W, Sarantopoulos A, De Jong J S, Arts H J G, Van Der Zee A G J, Bart J, Low P S, Ntziachristos V. Nat. Med., 2011, 17: 1315.

doi: 10.1038/nm.2472
[37]
Tummers Q R J G, Hoogstins C E S, Gaarenstroom K N, De Kroon C D, Van Poelgeest M I E, Vuyk J, Bosse T, Smit V T H B M, Van De Velde C J H, Cohen A F, Low P S, Burggraaf J, Vahrmeijer A L. Oncotarget , 2016, 7: 32144.

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.v7i22
[38]
Hoogstins C E, Tummers Q R, Gaarenstroom K N, De Kroon C D, Trimbos J B, Bosse T, Smit V T, Vuyk J, Van De Velde C J, Cohen A F, Low P S, Burggraaf J, Vahrmeijer A L. Clin. Cancer Res. , 2016, 22: 2929.

doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2640
[39]
Hoogstins C E S, Tummers Q R J G, Gaarenstroom K N, De Kroon C D, Trimbos J B M Z, Bosse T, Smit V T H B M, Vuyk J, Van De Velde C J H, Cohen A F, Low P S, Burggraaf J, Vahrmeijer A L. Clinical Cancer Research , 2016, 22: 2929.

doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2640
[40]
Liu Y, Bauer A Q, Akers W J, Sudlow G, Liang K, Shen D, Berezin M Y, Culver J P, Achilefu S. Surgery , 2011, 149: 689.

doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.02.007
[41]
Franklin H L, Miller D M, Hedges T, Perry J, Parrish-Novak J. Proc. Spie , 2016, 9696.
[42]
Baik F M, Hansen S, Knoblaugh S E, Sahetya D, Mitchell R M, Xu C, Olson J M, Parrish-Novak J, Mendez E. Jama Otolaryngol. , 2016, 142: 330.
[43]
Parrish-Novak J, Byrnes-Blake K, Lalayeva N, Burleson S, Fidel J, Gilmore R, Gayheart-Walsten P, Bricker G A, Crumb W J, Tarlo K S, Hansen S, Wiss V, Malta E, Dernell W S, Olson J M, Miller D M. Int. J. Toxicol., 2017, 36: 104.

doi: 10.1177/1091581817697685
[44]
Mohammadi A M, Ormond D R, Bodman A B, Olson J J. Neurosurgery , 2019, 85: E648.
[45]
Bradbury M S, Phillips E, Montero P H, Cheal S M, Stambuk H, Durack J C, Sofocleous C T, Meester R J, Wiesner U, Patel S. Integr. Biol.(Camb), 2013, 5: 74.
[46]
Longmire M, Choyke P L, Kobayashi H. Nanomedicine(Lond), 2008, 3: 703.
[47]
Burns A A, Vider J, Ow H, Herz E, Penate-Medina O, Baumgart M, Larson S M, Wiesner U, Bradbury M. Nano Lett. , 2009, 9: 442.

doi: 10.1021/nl803405h
[48]
Larson D R, Ow H, Vishwasrao H D, Heikal A A, Wiesner U, Webb W W. Chemistry of Materials , 2008, 20: 2677.

doi: 10.1021/cm7026866
[49]
Phillips E, Penate-Medina O, Zanzonico P B, Carvajal R D, Mohan P, Ye Y, Humm J, Gonen M, Kalaigian H, Schoder H, Strauss H W, Larson S M, Wiesner U, Bradbury M S. Sci. Transl. Med. , 2014, 6: 260ra149.

doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009524
[50]
Benezra M, Penate-Medina O, Zanzonico P B, Schaer D, Ow H, Burns A, Destanchina E, Longo V, Herz E, Iyer S, Wolchok J, Larson S M, Wiesner U, Bradbury M S. J. Clin. Invest., 2011, 121: 2768.

doi: 10.1172/JCI45600
[51]
Huang S S, Wang X, Zhang Y, Doke A, Difilippo F P, Heston W D W. The Prostate , 2014, 74: 702.

doi: 10.1002/pros.v74.7
[52]
Wang X, Huang S S, Heston W D W, Guo H, Wang B, Basilion J P. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics , 2014, 13: 2595.

doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0422
[53]
Denison T A, Bae Y H. Journal of Controlled Release , 2012, 164: 187.

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.014
[54]
Heppner G H, Miller B E. Cancer Metastasis Rev. , 1983, 2: 5.

doi: 10.1007/BF00046903
[55]
Gerlinger M, Rowan A J, Horswell S, Larkin J, Endesfelder D, Gronroos E, Martinez P, Matthews N, Stewart A, Tarpey P, Varela I, Phillimore B, Begum S, McDonald N Q, Butler A, Jones D, Raine K, Latimer C, Santos C R, Nohadani M, Eklund A C, Spencer-Dene B, Clark G, Pickering L, Stamp G, Gore M, Szallasi Z, Downward J, Futreal P A, Swanton C. New England Journal of Medicine , 2012, 366: 883.
[56]
Chen C, Tian R, Zeng Y, Chu C, Liu G. Bioconjug. Chem. , 2020, 31: 276.

doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00734
[57]
Mo S, Zhang X, Hameed S, Zhou Y, Dai Z. Theranostics , 2020, 10: 2130.

doi: 10.7150/thno.39673
[58]
Wang C, Wang Z, Zhao T, Li Y, Huang G, Sumer B D, Gao J. Biomaterials , 2018, 157: 62.

doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.002
[59]
Mochida A, Ogata F, Nagaya T, Choyke P L, Kobayashi H. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2018, 26: 925.

doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.002
[60]
Verdoes M, Bender K O, Segal E, Der Linden W a V, Syed S, Withana N P, Sanman L E, Bogyo M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2013, 135: 14726.

doi: 10.1021/ja4056068
[61]
Bender K O, Ofori L O, Der Linden W a V, Mock E D, Datta G K, Chowdhury S, Li H, Segal E, Lopez M S, Ellman J A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2015, 137: 4771.

doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b00315
[62]
Segal E, Prestwood T R, Der Linden W a V, Carmi Y, Bhattacharya N, Withana N P, Verdoes M, Habtezion A, Engleman E G, Bogyo M. Chemistry & Biology , 2015, 22: 148.
[63]
Urano Y, Sakabe M, Kosaka N, Ogawa M, Mitsunaga M, Asanuma D, Kamiya M, Young M R, Nagano T, Choyke P L, Kobayashi H. Sci. Transl. Med. , 2011, 3: 110ra119.
[64]
Slooter M D, Handgraaf H J M, Boonstra M C, Van Der Velden L A, Bhairosingh S S, Que I, De Haan L M, Keereweer S, Van Driel P, Chan A, Kobayashi H, Vahrmeijer A L, Lowik C. Oral Oncol. , 2018, 78: 1.

doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.12.006
[65]
Sato C, Abe S, Saito Y, So Tsuruki E, Takamaru H, Makazu M, Sato Y, Sasaki H, Tanaka H, Ikezawa N, Yamada M, Sakamoto T, Nakajima T, Matsuda T, Kushima R, Kamiya M, Maeda S, Urano Y. Digestion , 2015, 91: 70.
[66]
Fentiman I S. Br. J. Cancer , 2012, 106: 1467.

doi: 10.1038/bjc.2012.128
[67]
Ueo H, Shinden Y, Tobo T, Gamachi A, Udo M, Komatsu H, Nambara S, Saito T, Ueda M, Hirata H, Sakimura S, Takano Y, Uchi R, Kurashige J, Akiyoshi S, Iguchi T, Eguchi H, Sugimachi K, Kubota Y, Kai Y, Shibuta K, Kijima Y, Yoshinaka H, Natsugoe S, Mori M, Maehara Y, Sakabe M, Kamiya M, Kakareka J W, Pohida T J, Choyke P L, Kobayashi H, Ueo H, Urano Y, Mimori K. Sci. Rep. , 2015, 5: 12080.

doi: 10.1038/srep12080
[68]
Whitley M J, Cardona D M, Lazarides A L, Spasojevic I, Ferrer J M, Cahill J, Lee C L, Snuderl M, Blazer D G, 3rd, Hwang E S, Greenup R A, Mosca P J, Mito J K, Cuneo K C, Larrier N A, O’reilly E K, Riedel R F, Eward W C, Strasfeld D B, Fukumura D, Jain R K, Lee W D, Griffith L G, Bawendi M G, Kirsch D G, Brigman B E. Sci. Transl. Med. , 2016, 8: 320ra4.
[69]
Smith B L, Gadd M A, Lanahan C R, Rai U, Tang R, Rice-Stitt T, Merrill A L, Strasfeld D B, Ferrer J M, Brachtel E F, Specht M C. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. , 2018, 171: 413.

doi: 10.1007/s10549-018-4845-4
[70]
Hu H, Vats D, Vizovisek M, Kramer L, Germanier C, Wendt K U, Rudin M, Turk B, Plettenburg O, Schultz C. Angewandte Chemie , 2014, 53: 7669.
[71]
Ofori L O, Withana N P, Prestwood T R, Verdoes M, Brady J J, Winslow M M, Sorger J M, Bogyo M. ACS Chemical Biology , 2015, 10: 1977.

doi: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00205
[72]
Jiang T, Olson E S, Nguyen Q T, Roy M, Jennings P A, Tsien R Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , 2004, 101: 17867.
[73]
Miampamba M, Liu J, Harootunian A, Gale A J, Baird S, Chen S L, Nguyen Q T, Tsien R Y, Gonzalez J E. Theranostics , 2017, 7: 3369.

doi: 10.7150/thno.20678
[74]
Unkart J T, Chen S L, Wapnir I L, Gonzalez J E, Harootunian A, Wallace A M. Ann. Surg. Oncol. , 2017, 24: 3167.

doi: 10.1245/s10434-017-5991-3
[75]
Witjes M, Voskuil F, Steinkamp P, Koller M, Van Der Vegt B, Doff J, Zhao T, Hartung J, Jayalakshmi Y, Sumer B. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , 2019, 77: e38.
[76]
Welsher K, Liu Z, Sherlock S, Robinson J T, Chen Z, Daranciang D, Dai H. Nature Nanotechnology , 2009, 4: 773.

doi: 10.1038/nnano.2009.294
[77]
Diao S, Blackburn J L, Hong G, Antaris A L, Chang J, Wu J Z, Zhang B, Cheng K, Kuo C J, Dai H. Angewandte Chemie , 2015, 54: 14758.
[78]
Li C, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Chen G, Li L, Wu D, Wang Q. Biomaterials , 2014, 35: 393.

doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.010
[79]
Antaris A L, Chen H, Diao S, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Zhu S, Wang J, Lozano A X, Fan Q, Chew L, Zhu M, Cheng K, Hong X, Dai H, Cheng Z. Nature Communications , 2017, 8: 15269.

doi: 10.1038/ncomms15269
[80]
Zhou H, Li S, Zeng X, Zhang M, Hong X. Chinese Chemical Letters , 2020, 31: 1382.

doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.04.030
[81]
Zhang X D, Wang H, Antaris A L, Li L, Diao S, Ma R, Nguyen A, Hong G, Ma Z, Wang J, Zhu S, Castellano J M, Wyss-Coray T, Liang Y, Luo J, Dai H. Advanced Materials , 2016, 28: 6872.

doi: 10.1002/adma.201600706
[82]
Yang Q, Ma Z, Wang H, Zhou B, Zhu S, Zhong Y, Wang J, Wan H, Antaris A, Ma R, Zhang X, Yang J, Zhang X, Sun H, Liu W, Liang Y, Dai H. Advanced Materials , 2017, 29: 1605497.

doi: 10.1002/adma.v29.12
[83]
Starosolski Z, Bhavane R, Ghaghada K B, Vasudevan S A, Kaay A, Annapragada A. PLoS ONE , 2017, 12: e0187563.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187563
[84]
Hu Z, Fang C, Li B, Zhang Z, Cao C, Cai M, Su S, Sun X, Shi X, Li C, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Chi C, He P, Xia X, Chen Y, Gambhir S S, Cheng Z, Tian J. Nature Biomedical Engineering , 2020, 4: 259.

doi: 10.1038/s41551-019-0494-0
[85]
Li B, Lu L, Zhao M, Lei Z, Zhang F. Angewandte Chemie International Edition , 2018, 57: 7483.
[86]
Ding B, Xiao Y, Zhou H, Zhang X, Qu C, Xu F, Deng Z, Cheng Z, Hong X. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry , 2019, 62: 2049.

doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01682
[87]
Vahrmeijer A L, Hutteman M, Van Der Vorst J R, Van De Velde C J H, Frangioni J V. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. , 2013, 10: 507.

doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.123
[88]
Hekman M, Rijpkema M, Muselaers C H J, Oosterwijk E, Hulsbergen-Van de Kaa C A, Boerman O C, Oyen W J G, Langenhuijsen J F, Mulders P F A. Theranostics , 2018, 8: 2161.

doi: 10.7150/thno.23335
[89]
Liu R, Tang J, Xu Y, Dai Z. ACS Nano , 2019, 13: 5124.

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08359
[90]
Chen Q, Shang W, Zeng C, Wang K, Liang X, Chi C, Liang X, Yang J, Fang C, Tian J. Oncotarget , 2017, 8: 32741.

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.v8i20
[91]
Qi J, Li J, Liu R, Li Q, Zhang H, Lam J W Y, Kwok R T K, Liu D, Ding D, Tang B Z. Chem , 2019, 5: 2657.

doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.07.015
[92]
Li X, Lovell J F, Yoon J, Chen X. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. , 2020, 17: 657.

doi: 10.1038/s41571-020-0410-2
[93]
Xu Y, Liang X, Bhattarai P, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Wang S, Chen W, Ge H, Wang J, Cui L, Dai Z. Advanced Functional Materials , 2017, 27: 1704096.

doi: 10.1002/adfm.v27.48
[94]
Hung C C, Huang W C, Lin Y W, Yu T W, Chen H H, Lin S C, Chiang W H, Chiu H C. Theranostics , 2016, 6: 302.

doi: 10.7150/thno.13686
[95]
Liu R, Tang J, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Dai Z. Nanotheranostics , 2017, 1: 430.

doi: 10.7150/ntno.19935
[96]
Lin L, Liang X, Xu Y, Yang Y, Li X, Dai Z. Bioconjugate Chemistry , 2017, 28: 2410.

doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00407
[97]
Yan L, Qiu L. Nanomedicine(Lond), 2015, 10: 361.
[98]
Meng X, Yang Y, Zhou L, Zhang L, Lv Y, Li S, Wu Y, Zheng M, Li W, Gao G. Theranostics , 2017, 7: 1781.

doi: 10.7150/thno.18437
[99]
Zeng X, Xiao Y, Lin J, Li S, Zhou H, Nong J, Xu G, Wang H, Xu F, Wu J. Advanced Healthcare Materials , 2018, 7: 1800589.

doi: 10.1002/adhm.v7.18
[100]
He C, Chan C, Weichselbaum R R, Fleming G F, Yamada S D, Lin W. EBioMedicine , 2015, 2: 366.

doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.05.013
[101]
Liu D, Chen B, Mo Y, Wang Z, Qi T, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Nano Letters , 2019, 19: 6964.

doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02306
[102]
Lu J, Liu X, Liao Y, Wang X, Ahmed A, Jiang W, Ji Y, Meng H, Nel A E. ACS Nano , 2018, 12: 11041.

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05189
[103]
Gao A, Chen B, Gao J, Zhou F, Saeed M, Hou B, Li Y, Yu H. Nano Letters , 2020, 20: 353.

doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04012
[104]
Tummers Q R, Hoogstins C E, Gaarenstroom K N, De Kroon C D, Van Poelgeest M I, Vuyk J, Bosse T, Smit V T, Van De Velde C J, Cohen A F, Low P S, Burggraaf J, Vahrmeijer A L. Oncotarget , 2016, 7: 32144.

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.v7i22
[105]
Hong G S, Antaris A L, Dai H J. Nature Biomedical Engineering , 2017, 1: 0010.

doi: 10.1038/s41551-016-0010
[106]
Li D, Zhang J, Chi C, Xiao X, Wang J, Lang L, Ali I, Niu G, Zhang L, Tian J, Ji N, Zhu Z, Chen X. Theranostics , 2018, 8: 2508.

doi: 10.7150/thno.25599
No related articles found!