1 引言
2 金属基催化剂催化的苯羟基化反应
表1 不同反应机理的苯羟基化反应金属基催化剂的活性对比Table 1 Comparison of activities of metal-based catalysts for hydroxylation of benzene via different reaction mechanism |
Mechanism | Catalyst | Reaction condition | Activitya | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
H2O2-mediated radical | NaVO3 | C6H6 11.3 mmol, H2O2 19.4 mmol, catalyst 0.2 mmol, 25 ℃, 13 h | Y 13.5%, S 94.0% | 38 |
[Cu2(μ-OH)(6-hpa)](ClO4)3 | C6H6 60 mmol, H2O2 120 mmol, catalyst 1 μmol,50 ℃, 40 h | X 22.0%, S 95.2% | 12 | |
Fe(DS)3 | C6H6 11.3 mmol, H2O2 11.3 mmol, catalyst 0.05 mmol, 50 ℃, 6 h | Y 54.0%, S 100% | 40 | |
[Dmim]2.5PMoV | C6H6 10 mmol, H2O2 30 mmol, catalyst 100 mg, 70 ℃, 4 h | Y 26.5%, S 100% | 25 | |
[C3CNpy]4HPMoV2 | C6H6 10 mmol, H2O2 30 mmol, catalyst 100 mg, 60 ℃, 2 h | Y 31.4%, S 95.8% | 27 | |
P-[DVB-VBIM]5PMoV2 | C6H6 10 mmol, H2O2 30 mmol, catalyst 100 mg, 55 ℃, 6 h | Y 23.7%, S 100% | 41 | |
[VO(acac)2]- grafted PMO | C6H6 4 mmol, H2O2 12 mmol, catalyst 300 mg, 50 ℃, 8 h | X 27.4%, S 100% | 19 | |
POM@OMP | C6H6 6 mmol, H2O2 18 mmol, catalyst 50 mg, 80 ℃, 10 h | Y 33.0%, S 100% | 42 | |
Cu2O-rGO | C6H6 1 mmol, H2O2 2 mmol, catalyst 1 mg, 40 ℃, 12 h | Y 21.2%, S 85.5% | 22 | |
FeOCl | C6H6 10 mmol, H2O2 10 mmol, catalyst 100 mg, 60 ℃, 4 h | Y 43.5%, S 100% | 23 | |
H2O2-mediated non-radical | [NiⅡ(tepa)]2+ | C6H6 5 μmol, H2O2 2.5 mmol, catalyst 0.5 μmol, 60 ℃, 5 h | Y 21.0%, S 91.3% | 43 |
[CoⅡ(L3)Cl]Ph4B | C6H6 5 mmol, H2O2 25 mmol, catalyst 5 μmol, 60 ℃, 5 h | Y 29.0%, S 97.0% | 44 | |
Fe-N4 | C6H6 4.5 mmol, H2O2 55 mmol, catalyst 50 mg, 30 ℃, 24 h | Y 78.4%, S 100% | 45 | |
V-Si-ZSM-22 | C6H6 5 mmol, H2O2 5 mmol, catalyst 100 mg, 80 ℃, 30 s | Y 30.8%, S> 99% | 13 | |
O2-mediated radical | VxOy@C-S | C6H6 11.3 mmol, O2 3.0 MPa, catalyst 50 mg, ascorbic acid 0.8 g, 80 ℃, 4 h | Y 9.3%, S 96.0% | 9 |
V/UiO-66-NH2 | C6H6 11.3 mmol, O2 3.0 MPa, catalyst 50 mg, ascorbic acid 0.7 g, 60 ℃, 21 h | Y 22.0%, S 98.1% | 46 | |
VOC2O4-N-5 | C6H6 11.3 mmol, O2 1.0 MPa, catalyst 100 mg, 150 ℃, 10 h | X 4.2%, S 96.3% | 47 | |
O2-mediated non-radical | H7PMo8V4O40 | C6H6 2 mmol, Air 1.5 MPa, catalyst 55 mg, CO 0.5 MPa, 90 ℃, 15 h | Y 28.1%, S 59.3% | 28 |
POM@MOF@SBA-15 | C6H6 10 mmol, O2 2.0 MPa, catalyst 200 mg,ascorbic acid 0.9 g, 80 ℃, 20 min | Y 6.0%, S> 99% | 48 | |
PMoV@PCIF-1 | C6H6 22.5 mmol, O2 2.0 MPa, catalyst 300 mg, ascorbic acid 0.8 g, 100 ℃, 10 h | Y 12.0%, S 100% | 49 | |
PdII(bpym) | C6H6 5.6 mmol, O2 2.0 MPa, catalyst 0.02 mmol,Al(OTf)3 0.04 mmol, 100 ℃, 16 h | Y 3.7%, S 79.7% | 31 | |
H5PV2Mo10O40 | C6H6 0.5 mmol, O2 1.0 MPa, catalyst 800 mg, 50% H2SO4 5 mL, 170 ℃, 6 h | X 65.0%, S 95.0% | 50 | |
O2-mediated synergistic catalysis | HMS-HPA(V2)+ Pd(OAc)2 | C6H6 22.5 mmol, O2 2.0 MPa, catalyst 500 mg+10 mg, LiOAc 0.2 g, 120 ℃, 10 h | X 12.2%, S 75.6% | 29 |
C3N4(580)+PMoV2 | C6H6 45 mmol, O2 2.0 MPa, catalyst 100 mg+400 mg, LiOAc 0.6 g, 130 ℃, 4.5 h | Y 13.6%, S 100% | 26 | |
g-C3N4+Ch5PMoV2 | C6H6 5 mmol, O2 2.0 MPa, catalyst 12 mg+30 mg,LiOAc 0.06 g, 120 ℃, 4.5 h | Y 10.7%, S> 99% | 51 | |
SFNC(800)+Ch5PMoV2 | C6H6 5 mmol, O2 2.0 MPa, catalyst 10 mg+30 mg,LiOAc 0.06 g, 120 ℃, 3 h | Y 11.2%, S> 99% | 52 | |
[DiBimCN]2HPMoV2 @NC580 | C6H6 45 mmol, O2 2.2 MPa, catalyst 550 mg, LiOAc 0.6 g,140 ℃, 17 h | Y 10.5%, S 100% | 53 | |
FeC(5) | C6H6 45 mmol, O2 2.2 MPa, catalyst 200 mg,LiOAc 0.6 g, 150 ℃, 30 h | Y 14.2%, S 100% | 54 |
a Activity includes Y (or X) and S. Y is yield for phenol, X is conversion of benzene, and S is selectivity for phenol based on the formed phenol plus byproducts. |
2.1 H2O2为氧化剂的自由基反应机理
2.2 H2O2为氧化剂的非自由基反应机理

2.3 O2为氧化剂的自由基反应机理
2.4 O2为氧化剂的非自由基反应机理
2.5 O2为氧化剂的双活性中心协同催化机理


3 非金属材料催化的苯羟基化反应
表2 非金属材料催化的苯羟基化反应活性对比Table 2 Comparison of activities of non-metal catalysts for hydroxylation of benzene |
Catalyst | Reaction condition | Activitya | ref |
---|---|---|---|
CCG | C6H6 1.67 mmol, H2O2 22.5 mmol, catalyst 20 mg,60 ℃, 16 h | X 18.5%, S 99% | 11 |
MWCNTs | C6H6 11.3 mmol, H2O2 13.5 mmol, catalyst 50 mg,60 ℃, 2.5 h | X 7.0%, S 97% | 83 |
CNT7000 | C6H6 11.3 mmol, H2O2 22.5 mmol, catalyst 100 mg, 60 ℃, 36 h | Y 13.7% | 84 |
HPC-400 | C6H6 130 g, H2O2 22.5 mmol, catalyst 20 mg, 60 ℃, 16 h | X 4.1%, S 99% | 85 |
WAC-0.5N-8H | C6H6 22.5 mmol, H2O2 58.8 mmol, catalyst 600 mg, 70 ℃, 6 h | Y 13.5%, S 86.3% | 86 |
NOC-0.15 | C6H6 45 mmol, O2 2.2 MPa, catalyst 200 mg,LiOAc 0.6 g, 150 ℃, 48 h | Y 12.5%, S>99% | 72 |
AC-70 | C6H6 45 mmol, O2 2.2 MPa, catalyst 200 mg, LiOAc 0.6 g, 155 ℃, 36 h | Y 10.1%, S 100% | 87 |
QAP | C6H6 5.7 mmol, O2 2.0 MPa, catalyst 100 mg, LiOAc 0.4 g, 120 ℃, 12 h | Y 15.9%, S>99% | 88 |
a Activity includes Y (or X) and S. Y is yield for phenol, X is conversion of benzene, and S is selectivity for phenol based on the formed phenol plus byproducts. |
3.1 碳材料催化苯羟基化反应的自由基机理
3.2 高聚物催化苯羟基化反应的自由基机理
4 结论与展望
附表 催化剂缩写的英文全称说明Supplementary Table Abbreviation for catalyst and corresponding English full name |
Abbreviation for catalysta | English full name |
---|---|
AC | activated carbon |
bpym | 2,2'-bipyrimidine |
C3CNpy | N-butyronitrile pyridine |
CCG | chemically converted graphene |
CNT | carbon nanotube |
Dmim | 1,1-(butane-1,4-diyl)-bis(3- methylimidazolium) |
DiBimCN | 4,4'-butyl-bis(3-cyanopropyl-imidazole) |
Fe(DS)3 | Ferric tri(dodecane sulfonate) |
6-hpa | 1,2-bis[2-[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl] -6-pyridyl]ethane |
HMS | hexagaonal mesoporous silica |
HPA | heteropolyacid |
HPC | honeycomb-like porous carbon |
L3 | N1,N1-bis((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl)-N3,N3-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diamine |
MOF | metal organic framework |
MWCNTs | multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
NOC | N-doped and surface O-enriched mesoporous carbons |
OMP | ordered mesoporous polymer |
P-DVB-VBIM | poly divinylbenzene- 3-n-butyl- 1-vinylimidazolium |
PMoV | H3+xPMo12-xVxO40 |
PMO | periodic mesoporous organosilica |
POM | polyoxometalate |
PCIF | porous cationic framework |
QAP | quinone-amine polymer |
rGO | reduced graphene oxide |
SNFC | soybean flour prepared nitrogen-doped carbon |
tepa | tris[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]amine |
V-Si-ZSM | V-containing all-silica zeolite |
WAC | wood-based activated carbon |
a With an alphabetical order of the first letter in abbreviations. |