1 引言
2 污泥碳基前躯体的物理化学性质
2.1 化学组成
2.2 孔隙结构
2.3 表面化学性质
表1 各种污泥碳基催化剂材料制备方法及其物理化学性质Table 1 A summary of the sewage sludge based carbon catalysts and their physiochemical properties |
Catalyst | Preparation procedure | Method | BET surface area(m2/g) | Catalytic components | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FeSC | Dried sludge impregnated into 0.5 M FeSO4 solution and subsequently carbonized at 800 ℃ in the presence of N2 | Wetness impregnation | 14.3 | Magnetite, Quartz, Al2O3 | 19 |
SC | Dried sludge carbonized at 800 ℃ in the presence of N2 | Direct pyrolysis | 57.6 | Carbon, ash | 14, 22 |
SBC | Dried sludge impregnated into 3 M ZnCl2 solution and carbonized at 700 ℃ in the presence of N2 wash: 3 M HCl | Wetness chemical activation | 363 | Carbon | 23 |
FMSAC | Carbonized sludge(by ZnCl2 pre-activation) was co-precipitated with Fe2+ and Fe3+ with NaOH addition | Chemical activation plus co-precipitation | 880~940 | Fe3O4, CaO, Quiz | 24 |
R1 | Solid mixing of dried sludge with FeCl3(w/w=1∶1) and subsequently carbonized at 700 ℃ wash: 3 M HCl | Solid chemical activation | 517~836 | Fe species | 25 |
szSAC | Dried sludge impregnated into the mixture of 3 M H2SO4 and ZnCl2 and then carbonized at 550 ℃ wash: 10% HCl | Wetness chemical activation | 179.9 | Surface-OH | 18 |
szSAC/Mn | szSAC impregnated into KMnO4 solution and carbonized at 550 ℃ in the presence of N2 | Wetness impregnation | 3.7~11.7 | Mn(Ⅱ), Mn(Ⅲ), Mn(Ⅳ), surface-OH | 18 |
DR-SA-A | Dried sludge was firstly carbonized with N2 and then activated with steam at 838 ℃, acid washed. | Steam activation | 497.4 | Dissolved organic matters and iron | 26 |
nO x /SBAC FeO x /SBAC | Dried sludge was firstly activated with ZnCl2 and carbonized at 700 ℃ and had acid washed, then the carbonized products was impregnated into Mn/Fe solutions and re-carbonized at 600 ℃ | Chemical activation and wetness impregnation | 327~339 | Mn3O4, Fe3O4 | 15 |
CFA/SC | Combined ZnCl2 activation and carbonization at 800 ℃ for the mixture of sewage sludge and fly ash(3 M HCl wash) | Chemical activation | 415 | Fe2O3, SiO2, Al2O3 | 27 |
SS-Ti-700 | Combined hydrothermal reaction with TiOSO4 and carbonization at 700 ℃ | Hydrothermal reaction | 35.46 | TiO2, α-Fe2O3 | 28 |
FAS-1-350 | Dried sludge impregnated into(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 solutions, separated and calcined at 350 ℃ in the air | Wetness impregnation | 15.17 | α-Fe2O3, SiO2 crystallites | 29 |
MC600 | Combined microwave digestion and KOH activation, then carbonized in the N2 | Chemical activation | 378 | O-containing groups, Fe3O4, α-Fe | 30 |
SC-F-0.2 | Combined Fenton’s activation and carbonization at 600 ℃ | Radical activation | 46.3 | Fe3O4, α-Fe | 31 |
3 污泥碳基催化剂材料制备方法
3.1 直接热解法
3.2 负载法

3.3 共混法
3.4 水热碳化法

4 污泥碳基催化剂材料的表面改性
5 污泥碳基催化剂在水环境催化领域的应用
5.1 催化H2O2的多相类Fenton反应
5.2 基于过硫酸盐(PS)和过一硫酸盐(PMS)的催化降解

5.3 复合光催化反应



5.4 非均相催化臭氧氧化
5.5 非均相催化湿式氧化
5.6 电化学催化氧化
6 污泥碳基催化剂的稳定性
表2 几种污泥碳基材料在不同催化体系中的稳定性和可重复利用性比较Table 2 Comparison of stability and recyclability of several sludge carbonized materials in different catalytic systems |
Leaching Species | Leaching Concentration | Reaction | Recyclability | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | 0.6 g/L(2.5%of the total Fe load) | CWPO | 14.2% of the Fe load | 25 |
Fe | not detectable | CWPO | 96% degradation efficiency obtained in third cycles of reaction | 92 |
Fe | 0.037 mg/L(0.14% of total Fe loaded) Ca: 0.813 Cu: 0.029 Mg: 0.271 Zn: 0.027 | CWPO | 97% removal of AOII until at least 600 min | 19 |
Fe | 1.9 mg/L for HNO3 treated SW 2.1 mg/L for H2SO4 treated SW 1.2mg/L for HCl treated SW 0.7 mg/L for SW | CWPO | 26.3% conversion of cresol for HCl-SW at 432 h 100% conversion of cresol for H2SO4-SW at 432 h 85.1% conversion of cresol for HNO3-SW at 432 h 40% to lower than 10% conversion rate for SW | 52 |
Fe | 10.8 mg/L for HNO3 treated SW 11.7 mg/L for H2SO4 treated SW 0.8 mg/L for HCl treated SW 1.2 mg/L for SW | CWAO | Not mentioned | 7 |
Fe | Fe: 18 mg/L Ni: 12 mg/L Zn: 4 mg/L Mn: 3 mg/L Cr: 3mg/L Mg: 2 mg/L | CWAO | For the fourth experiment, the differences after 4 h of reaction only amounted to 2.2% for phenol conversion and 9% for TOC conversion. | 26 |
Fe | 27 mg/L(7% of the total Fe load) | CWAO | After 4 runs, the 2-CP conversion and the TOC removal were still very high. | 14 |
Fe | 4.32 mg/L for SS-Fe-105 after 60 min 0.66 mg/L for SS-Fe-350 after 30min | Photo-Fenton | No obvious deactivation of the SS-Fe-350 catalyst in the six repetitive experiments was observed when compared with the first cycle. | 28 |
Zn, Cu | 0.014 mg/L | PMS | The distributions of these heavy metals were unchanged though the MnO x /HCAS catalyst was reused up to 5 cycles. | 93 |
Fe | pH 2.03:4.69 mg/L(2.14% of total iron) pH 3.01:3.06 mg/L | PS | three times for the oxidative degradation of AO7 | 65 |
Fe | total Fe: 3.01 mg/L; Fe3+: 2.12mg/L | CWPO | It was observed that the mineralization rate decreased from 60.6 to 46.5% when the degradation rate of NOR decreased from 98.8 to 76.4%. | 94 |