银纳米材料的可控合成及其环境应用

doi:10.7536/PC221218

• 综述 •

银纳米材料的可控合成及其环境应用

潘自宇, 冀豪栋^*()

北京大学深圳研究生院环境与能源学院深圳 518055

收稿日期:2022-12-28 修回日期:2023-02-27 出版日期:2023-08-24 发布日期:2023-05-15

作者简介:

冀豪栋北京大学深圳研究生院助理教授/研究员,博士生导师,环境材料化学实验室PI,主要从事环境功能材料的定向设计与应用、量子化学模拟在环境中的应用等工作,发表论文70余篇,H-index 36,主持国家自然科学基金等项目,入选国际水协-中国青年委员会新星计划。

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(52100069); 深圳市基础研究面上项目(JCYJ20220531093205013)

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Controlled Synthesis of Silver Nanomaterials and Their Environmental Applications

Ziyu Pan, Haodong Ji()

School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School,Shenzhen 518055, China

Received:2022-12-28 Revised:2023-02-27 Online:2023-08-24 Published:2023-05-15
Contact: *e-mail: jihaodong@pku.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52100069); Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20220531093205013)

银纳米材料因催化活性高、生物相容性好、物化性能独特而备受关注,已被广泛应用于催化、药物、环境等领域。本文首先介绍了银纳米材料的种类、性质及合成策略,重点对可控合成方法进行了归纳总结,并讨论了机器学习在银纳米材料合成中的新成果。然后综述了近年来银纳米材料在环境中的应用,如污染物去除、杀菌和病毒灭活、传感器等。基于此,本文主要就银纳米材料的种类、可控合成及其环境应用进行综述和展望。

关键词： 银纳米材料, 种类, 可控合成, 环境应用

Silver nanomaterials have been widely used in catalysis, medicine, environment and other fields due to their high catalytic activity, fine biocompatibility, unique physical and chemical properties. This review first introduced the species, properties and synthetic strategy of silver nanomaterials, summarized controllable synthesis method in detail, and discussed the new achievements of machine learning in the synthesis of silver nanomaterials. Then, we reviewed the applications of silver nanomaterials in the environment such as pollutant removal, sterilization and virus inactivation, sensor and so on. Based on this, the species, controlled synthesis and environmental applications of silver nanomaterials were reviewed and prospected in this paper.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Types and synthesis methods of silver nanomaterials

2.1 Types and synthesis methods of silver nanomaterials composed of only silver element

2.2 Types and synthesis methods of silver nanomaterials of containing two or more elements

2.3 The types and synthesis methods of silver nanomaterials with different carriers

2.4 Types and synthesis methods of silver oxide, silver halide and other nanomaterials

3 Environmental applications of silver nanomaterials

3.1 Application of silver nanomaterials in pollutants-adsorption and catalytic degradation

3.2 Application of silver nanomaterials in water purification, antibacterial and antiviral

3.3 Application of silver nanomaterials in the treatment of toxic metal wastewater-sensor

4 Summary and prospects for the future

Key words: silver nanomaterials, species, controlled synthesis, environmental applications

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图1 银纳米材料的种类,合成策略,近年来银纳米材料在环境中的应用(包括污染物去除、杀菌和病毒灭活、传感器)

Fig.1 The types and synthesis strategies, and recent applications of silver nanomaterials in the environment, including pollutant removal, sterilization and virus inactivation, sensors

图2 银纳米材料分类图:(A,B,C)银纳米三角双锥[47],银纳米棒[14],银纳米立方体[48];(A1,B1,C1)金包银凹形立方八面体[49],银铑核框纳米立方体[50], Janus Ag/AgClBr纳米结构[51];(A2,B2,C2)多孔TiO2-Ag核壳复合材料[52],铽金属有机骨架(Tb-MOF)作为银纳米颗粒载体的复合材料[53],介孔二氧化硅负载银纳米颗粒[54];(A3,B3,C3)硫化银纳米立方体团簇[55], Ag/AgBr/AgVO3复合材料[56],Ag/AgCl材料[57]

Fig.2 Classification diagram of silver nanomaterials. (A, B and C) Silver right triangular bipyramids[47], Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society; silver nanorods[14], Copyright 2009, American Chemical Society; silver nanocubes[48], Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (A1, B1 and C1) The Ag@Au concave cuboctahedra[49], Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society; the Ag-Rh core-frame nanocubes[50], Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society; Janus Ag/AgClBr nanostructures[51], Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (A2, B2 and C2) Porous TiO2-Ag core-shell composite material[52], Copyright 2013, The Royal Society of Chemistry; Tb-MOF support of Ag nanoparticles[53], Copyright 2017, Wiley; Silver nanoparticles supported on mesoporous silica (Ag/HMS)[54], Copyright 2017, Wiley. (A3, B3 and C3) Clusters formed by Ag2S nanocubes[55], copyright 2017, The Royal Society of Chemistry; The 2% Ag/AgBr/AgVO3 composite[56], Copyright 2021, Elsevier; the Ag/AgCl nanostructures[57], Copyright 2017, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

图3 银纳米材料的合成方法

Fig.3 Synthetic methods of silver nanomaterials

图4 使用晶种调节生长法合成金属胶体的一般策略[76]

图5 超声强化法合成单分散球形银纳米颗粒[31]。(A)超声强化化学还原法制备银纳米颗粒的实验示意图;(B)有无超声增强作用化学合成银纳米颗粒的机理图;(C)机器学习分析:拟合决策树回归

Fig.5 Synthesis of monodisperse spherical AgNPs by ultrasound-intensified Lee-Meisel method[31], copyright 2021, Elsevier. (A) Schematic diagram of ultrasound-intensified Lee-Meisel method. (B) Mechanism of conventional Lee-Meisel method and ultrasound-intensified Lee-Meisel method. (C) Machine learning analysis: fitted decision tree regressor

表1 银纳米颗粒的合成方法及特性

Table 1 The synthesis methods and properties of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)

Method	Process	Ag NPs size and shape	ref
Chemical Methods	Photochemical	7 nm, sphere	134
	Chemical reduction	10, 12, 14 nm, spheres	87
	Seed-mediated growth	42 nm, rod, 1~4 μm, nanowire	12
	Photoinduced	100 nm, nanoprism	123
	Seed-mediated growth	60 nm, nanodisk	128
	Soft, solution-phase approach	Lateral dimension:30~40 nm, length: ~50 μm, nanowire	117
	Chemical reduction	50, 80, 95, 115 nm, nanocubes	65
	Chemical reduction	Lateral dimension:30~40 nm, length: ~50 μm, nanowire	116,118
	Chemical reduction	Lateral dimension:35 nm, length: 166 nm~12 μm, nanowire	60
	“Green” Synthesis	5.3 nm, sphere	92
	Silver mirror reaction	Mean edge length：55 nm, nanocube	109
	Chemical reduction	Nanowire:30~40 nm, nanowire thin film,	129
	Thermal method	39 nm, nanoprism	61
	Chemical reduction	25~45 nm, nanocubes	105
	Polyol method	Nanocube: 80 nm; truncated nanocube: 120 nm; cubocta hedras: 150~200 nm; octahedras: 250~300 nm	135
	Chemical reduction	90, 170, 250, 350 nm, triangular nanoplates	111
	Seed-mediated growth	75~150 nm, right bipyramids	15
	Seed-mediated growth	64 nm, 81 nm, triangular nanoplates	19
	Sulfide-mediated polyol method	45, 90 nm, nanocubes	64
	Chemical reduction	146 nm, nanorod	13
	Solvothermal reduction	Nanorod:40 nm;triangulars:50,150nm;nanocubes:50~80 nm; quasi-spherical polyhedrons:60~80 nm; hexagonal nanoplates:50, 30 nm;	132
	Seed-based method	20, 33, 46, 65 nm, nanoprisms	112
	Green approach	20~60 nm, spheres	91
	Thermal regrowth	50 nm~2 μm, pentagonal silver nanorods	14
	Photoinduced synthesis	107, 132, 165, 192 nm, right-triangular bipyramids	121
	Seed-catalyzed reduction	11~200 nm, triangular silver nanoplates	113
	Green approach	8~71 nm, spheres	81
	Photomediated synthesis	Various triangular bipyramids and prisms	47
	Seed-mediated	30~200 nm, nanocubes	75
	Chemical reduction	30~70 nm, nanocubes	108
	Seed-mediated growth	Octahedral:80 nm; various concave nanocrystals	67
	Chemical reduction	Hierarchical assemblies of silver nanostructures	125
	Seed-mediated approach	52, 67, 460, 870, 1010 nm, nanorods	115
	Chemical reduction	Various nanoplates	20
	Green method	10.60, 11.23, 15.30 nm, spheres	63
	Chemical reduction	20~100 nm, quasi-spherical	8
	Seed-mediated growth	Various nanocubes and octahedrons	130
	Seed-mediated growth	20~72 nm, octahedra	131
	Chemical reduction	4~8 nm, spheres	88
	Seed-mediated growth	30~100 nm, nanocubes	102
	Chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticle with various shapes	66
	Seeded growth method	150 nm~1.5μm, triangular silver nanoplates	68
	Greener synthesis	5~150 nm, spheres and triangular	97
	Seed-mediated growth	20~120 nm, quasi-spherical	99
	Biogenic synthesis	2~15 nm, quasi-spherical	89
	Seed-mediated growth	23~60 nm, nanocubes	103
	Chemical reduction	15~90 nm, spherical; 150 nm, triangular	62
	Green synthesis	40~70 nm, quasi-spherical	93
	Green synthesis	15 nm, sphere	96
	Seed-mediated growth coupled with oxidative etching	37~68 nm, sphere	101
	Green synthesis	17~27 nm, pherical/quasispherical	94
	Chemical reduction	59.84 nm, 75.70 nm, 110.32 nm, nanocubes	69
	Lithography	90, 120, 145 nm, elliptical, triangular	58
Physical Methods	Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis	120 nm, nanoplate	110
	Sonochemical approach	Less than 2 nm, nanocluster	70
	Sonochemical synthesis	Mean diameters:100 nm, lengths: 4~7 μm, nanorods	114
	Sonochemical synthesis	1.3 μm, microflowers	124
	Conventional thermal treatment	10.4 nm, sphere	95
	Microwave treatment	12 nm, sphere	95
	Microwave irradiation	Nanowires diameters: 50~100 nm, 100~200 nm	119
	Microwave-assisted polyol	Lateral dimension:60~480 nm, length: 10~30 μm, nanowires	120

表1 银纳米颗粒的合成方法及特性

Table 1 The synthesis methods and properties of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)

Method	Process	Ag NPs size and shape	ref
Chemical Methods	Photochemical	7 nm, sphere	134
	Chemical reduction	10, 12, 14 nm, spheres	87
	Seed-mediated growth	42 nm, rod, 1~4 μm, nanowire	12
	Photoinduced	100 nm, nanoprism	123
	Seed-mediated growth	60 nm, nanodisk	128
	Soft, solution-phase approach	Lateral dimension:30~40 nm, length: ~50 μm, nanowire	117
	Chemical reduction	50, 80, 95, 115 nm, nanocubes	65
	Chemical reduction	Lateral dimension:30~40 nm, length: ~50 μm, nanowire	116,118
	Chemical reduction	Lateral dimension:35 nm, length: 166 nm~12 μm, nanowire	60
	“Green” Synthesis	5.3 nm, sphere	92
	Silver mirror reaction	Mean edge length：55 nm, nanocube	109
	Chemical reduction	Nanowire:30~40 nm, nanowire thin film,	129
	Thermal method	39 nm, nanoprism	61
	Chemical reduction	25~45 nm, nanocubes	105
	Polyol method	Nanocube: 80 nm; truncated nanocube: 120 nm; cubocta hedras: 150~200 nm; octahedras: 250~300 nm	135
	Chemical reduction	90, 170, 250, 350 nm, triangular nanoplates	111
	Seed-mediated growth	75~150 nm, right bipyramids	15
	Seed-mediated growth	64 nm, 81 nm, triangular nanoplates	19
	Sulfide-mediated polyol method	45, 90 nm, nanocubes	64
	Chemical reduction	146 nm, nanorod	13
	Solvothermal reduction	Nanorod:40 nm;triangulars:50,150nm;nanocubes:50~80 nm; quasi-spherical polyhedrons:60~80 nm; hexagonal nanoplates:50, 30 nm;	132
	Seed-based method	20, 33, 46, 65 nm, nanoprisms	112
	Green approach	20~60 nm, spheres	91
	Thermal regrowth	50 nm~2 μm, pentagonal silver nanorods	14
	Photoinduced synthesis	107, 132, 165, 192 nm, right-triangular bipyramids	121
	Seed-catalyzed reduction	11~200 nm, triangular silver nanoplates	113
	Green approach	8~71 nm, spheres	81
	Photomediated synthesis	Various triangular bipyramids and prisms	47
	Seed-mediated	30~200 nm, nanocubes	75
	Chemical reduction	30~70 nm, nanocubes	108
	Seed-mediated growth	Octahedral:80 nm; various concave nanocrystals	67
	Chemical reduction	Hierarchical assemblies of silver nanostructures	125
	Seed-mediated approach	52, 67, 460, 870, 1010 nm, nanorods	115
	Chemical reduction	Various nanoplates	20
	Green method	10.60, 11.23, 15.30 nm, spheres	63
	Chemical reduction	20~100 nm, quasi-spherical	8
	Seed-mediated growth	Various nanocubes and octahedrons	130
	Seed-mediated growth	20~72 nm, octahedra	131
	Chemical reduction	4~8 nm, spheres	88
	Seed-mediated growth	30~100 nm, nanocubes	102
	Chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticle with various shapes	66
	Seeded growth method	150 nm~1.5μm, triangular silver nanoplates	68
	Greener synthesis	5~150 nm, spheres and triangular	97
	Seed-mediated growth	20~120 nm, quasi-spherical	99
	Biogenic synthesis	2~15 nm, quasi-spherical	89
	Seed-mediated growth	23~60 nm, nanocubes	103
	Chemical reduction	15~90 nm, spherical; 150 nm, triangular	62
	Green synthesis	40~70 nm, quasi-spherical	93
	Green synthesis	15 nm, sphere	96
	Seed-mediated growth coupled with oxidative etching	37~68 nm, sphere	101
	Green synthesis	17~27 nm, pherical/quasispherical	94
	Chemical reduction	59.84 nm, 75.70 nm, 110.32 nm, nanocubes	69
	Lithography	90, 120, 145 nm, elliptical, triangular	58
Physical Methods	Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis	120 nm, nanoplate	110
	Sonochemical approach	Less than 2 nm, nanocluster	70
	Sonochemical synthesis	Mean diameters:100 nm, lengths: 4~7 μm, nanorods	114
	Sonochemical synthesis	1.3 μm, microflowers	124
	Conventional thermal treatment	10.4 nm, sphere	95
	Microwave treatment	12 nm, sphere	95
	Microwave irradiation	Nanowires diameters: 50~100 nm, 100~200 nm	119
	Microwave-assisted polyol	Lateral dimension:60~480 nm, length: 10~30 μm, nanowires	120

图6 双金属合金、核壳结构和Janus纳米颗粒的合成示意图。(A)银汞合金的生长示意图[137];(B)一锅合成铜/银双金属纳米颗粒示意图[138];(C)形成Au@Ag半壳Janus纳米粒子示意图[139];(D)在银纳米立方体种子上沉积第二种金属M的两种方法示意图[140];(E)胶体金-银-金、核-壳-壳纳米粒子的合成示意图[141]

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of synthesis of bimetallic alloy, core-shell structure and Janus nanoparticles. (A) The growth of Ag@Hg nanoalloys from four typical Ag nanoparticles[137],Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. (B) Schematic illustration of the one-pot synthetic procedure of Cu/Ag bimetallic NPs[138], Copyright 2015, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (C) Schematic illustration of forming Au core@Ag semishell Janus nanoparticles[139], Copyright 2016, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) Schematic illustration of two proposed pathways for the deposition of a second metal M on a Ag nanocube seed[140], Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (E) Three steps synthesis of colloidal Gold-Silver-Gold Core-Shell-Shell nanoparticles[141], Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society

表2 含有两种或两种以上元素的银纳米材料的合成方法及特性总结

Table 2 The synthesis methods and properties of silver nanomaterials containing two or more elements

Method	Process	Constituent elements	ref
Chemical Methods	Galvanic replacement reactions	Pd-Ag, Pt-Ag nanoboxes	147
	Microwave-polyol method	Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	153
	Sonochemical co-reduction	Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	154
	Aqueous reduction	Fe-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	160
	Thermal decomposition	Janus Ag-Ag2S nanoparticles	165
	Galvanic exchange reactions	Ag-Au Janus nanoparticles	166
	Galvanic replacement reaction	Pt-Ag nanobox, heterodimer, multimer, popcorn-shaped nanoparticles	150
	Phytosynthesis	Au-Ag nanoparticles	145
	Chemical reduction	Ag-Hg nanoalloys	137
	Chemical reduction	Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	155
	Green synthesis	Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles	146
	Coreduction reaction	Au-Ag multispiked nanoparticles	143
	Galvanic replacement-free deposition	Au-Ag core-shell nanocubes	156
	Coreduction reaction	Au-Ag-Au core-shell-shell nanoparticles	141
	One-pot reduction	Cu-Ag nanoalloys	138
	Overgrowth of seed-mediated growth	Au-Ag nanorods	157
	Chemical etching	Au-Ag semishell Janus nanoparticles	139
	Co-reduction	Ag-Pd nanoframes	148
	Chemical reduction	Ag-Au concave cuboctahedra	49
	Chemical reduction	Ag-Ni snowman and Ag@Ni core-shell nanoparticles	162
	Impregnation-reduction method	Ag-Pd alloy nanoparticles	149
	Chemical reduction	Au-Ag nanoboxes	144
	Seed-mediated-growth method	Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	158
	Chemical reduction	Ag-Rh core-frame nanocubes	50
	Chemical reduction	Janus Ag/AgClBr nanostructures:Janus silver/ternary silver halide nanostructures	51
Physical Methods	Laser-induced heating	Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles	142
	Room-temperature radiolysis	Ag-Ni, Pd-Ni alloy nanoparticles	151
	Combination of “grafting from” and “grafting to” approaches	Hairy Janus particles with immobilized Ag or Au nanoparticles	169
	One-pot reaction	Janus Ag-MSN@CTAB: Janus silver mesoporous silica nanobullets	167
	Ultrasonic treatment	Janus silver/silica nanoplatforms	168
	Deposition	Hairy Janus silver nanoparticles	170
	Electrostatic adsorption	Janus plasmonic silver nanoplatelets	171

表2 含有两种或两种以上元素的银纳米材料的合成方法及特性总结

Table 2 The synthesis methods and properties of silver nanomaterials containing two or more elements

Method	Process	Constituent elements	ref
Chemical Methods	Galvanic replacement reactions	Pd-Ag, Pt-Ag nanoboxes	147
	Microwave-polyol method	Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	153
	Sonochemical co-reduction	Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	154
	Aqueous reduction	Fe-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	160
	Thermal decomposition	Janus Ag-Ag2S nanoparticles	165
	Galvanic exchange reactions	Ag-Au Janus nanoparticles	166
	Galvanic replacement reaction	Pt-Ag nanobox, heterodimer, multimer, popcorn-shaped nanoparticles	150
	Phytosynthesis	Au-Ag nanoparticles	145
	Chemical reduction	Ag-Hg nanoalloys	137
	Chemical reduction	Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	155
	Green synthesis	Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles	146
	Coreduction reaction	Au-Ag multispiked nanoparticles	143
	Galvanic replacement-free deposition	Au-Ag core-shell nanocubes	156
	Coreduction reaction	Au-Ag-Au core-shell-shell nanoparticles	141
	One-pot reduction	Cu-Ag nanoalloys	138
	Overgrowth of seed-mediated growth	Au-Ag nanorods	157
	Chemical etching	Au-Ag semishell Janus nanoparticles	139
	Co-reduction	Ag-Pd nanoframes	148
	Chemical reduction	Ag-Au concave cuboctahedra	49
	Chemical reduction	Ag-Ni snowman and Ag@Ni core-shell nanoparticles	162
	Impregnation-reduction method	Ag-Pd alloy nanoparticles	149
	Chemical reduction	Au-Ag nanoboxes	144
	Seed-mediated-growth method	Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles	158
	Chemical reduction	Ag-Rh core-frame nanocubes	50
	Chemical reduction	Janus Ag/AgClBr nanostructures:Janus silver/ternary silver halide nanostructures	51
Physical Methods	Laser-induced heating	Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles	142
	Room-temperature radiolysis	Ag-Ni, Pd-Ni alloy nanoparticles	151
	Combination of “grafting from” and “grafting to” approaches	Hairy Janus particles with immobilized Ag or Au nanoparticles	169
	One-pot reaction	Janus Ag-MSN@CTAB: Janus silver mesoporous silica nanobullets	167
	Ultrasonic treatment	Janus silver/silica nanoplatforms	168
	Deposition	Hairy Janus silver nanoparticles	170
	Electrostatic adsorption	Janus plasmonic silver nanoplatelets	171

图7 碳材料、二氧化硅、金属有机框架材料(MOFs)、聚合物、金属氧化物和氮化硼为载体的银纳米复合材料合成示意图。(A)氧化石墨烯-银纳米复合材料的制备过程示意图[174];(B)AgNPs@SiO2微胶囊合成示意图[175];(C)形成Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe)/Ag纳米复合材料示意图[176];(D)银纳米颗粒负载于共轭微孔聚合物(CMP)复合材料(Ag0@CMP)的合成示意图[177];(E)微波辅助合成六方氮化硼负载银纳米颗粒(SNP/h-BN)复合纳米材料示意图[178];(F)银纳米颗粒修饰MnO2纳米线层次化异质结构的形成示意图[179]

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of silver nanocomposites synthesis of carbon materials, silica, metal-organic framework materials (MOFs), polymers, metal oxides and boron nitride as substrates. (A) Schematic of the procedure for preparing GO-Ag nanocomposite[174], Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (B) Schematic illustration of the AgNPs@silica microcapsule[175], Copyright 2012, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (C) Fabrication strategy of Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe)/Ag nanocomposites[176], Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (D) Illustration of synthetic pathway and pore structure of CMP for silver nanoparticle immobilization[177], Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (E) Schematic synthesis process of SNP/h-BN nanohybrids via a microwave-assisted method[178], Copyright 2014, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (F) Schematic illustration of the formation of the hierarchical heterostructures of AgNPs-decorated MnO2 nanowires[179], Copyright 2015, The Royal Society of Chemistry

表3 不同载体银纳米材料的种类及合成方法总结

Table 3 The types and synthesis methods of silver nanomaterials with different carriers

Method	Specie	ref
Incipient-wetness impregnation method	Zirconia-supported Ag particles	235
Mix silver glue and PVA and evaporation of the solvent	Silver-polyvinyl alcohol (Ag-PVA) nanocomposites	214
Calcination	Silver/carbon composites	237
Microwave-assisted one-step synthesis	Polyacrylamide-metal (M=Ag, Pt, Cu) nanocomposites	215
The Ar⁺ sputtering in UHV followed by Annealing in air	Silver nanoparticles supported on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (Ag/HOPG)	238
Calcination	Ag Nanoparticles supported on Alumina (Ag/Al₂O₃) materials	211
Incipient-wetness impregnation	Silica supported silver nanoparticles (Ag/SiO₂)	204
Citrate-protecting method	Carbon-supported Ag nanoparticles (Ag/C)	239
One-pot facile synthesis	Ag/TiO_2-xN_x	227
In situ reduction of adsorbed Ag⁺ by hydroquinone in a citrate buffer solution	Silver nanoparticle and graphene oxide nanosheet composites (AgNP/GO)	186
Chemical assembly	Silver nanoparticles supported on TiO₂ nanotubes (Ag-TiO₂)	228
Adsorption	Silver nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (AgNP/rGO)	180
Carbon radical reaction procedure and a chemical reduction method	Silver nanoparticles on functionalized graphene with uniform carboxylic sodium groups (AgNPs/CS-G)	182
Chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticles loaded the pores of mesoporous silica SBA-15 (Ag@SBA-15)	205
Adenine functionalization	Template the growth of silver nanoparticles on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Ag/MWCNTs)	190
One-step simultaneous reduction	Graphene-Ag nanocomposite	183
In situ assembly	Carbon nanofibers/silver nanoparticles (CNFs/AgNPs) composite nanofibers	200
Solvothermal-assisted heat treatment and photoreduction method	Nanostructured Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)/nanoporous ZnO micrometer-rods (n-ZnO MRs)	229
Chemical reduction	Carbon-Supported Ag Nanoparticles (Ag/C)	240
Chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticle-decorated boron nitride nanosheets (Ag-BNNS nanohybrid)	220
Dispersing silica powder in the suspension of destabilized silver nanoparticles	Silica-supported silver nanoparticles (Ag/SiO₂)	206
Nano-assembly	Mesoporous silica microcapsule-supported Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs@silica microcap-sule)	175
Chemical reduction	Poly (N-heterocyclic carbene)-supported silver nanoparticles (poly-NHC-Ag nano-composite)	216
One-pot photochemical synthesis	Silver nanoparticles supported on graphene composites	184
Biogenic synthesis	Ag-ZnO nanocomposite	230
Green synthesis	Silver nanoparticles supported on the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets functionalized with mussel-inspired dopamine (Ag/GO-Dop)	188
Assembly	Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticle 2D arrays on protein-coated graphene oxide (GO@Au@Ag)	241
In situ hydrolysis	Porous TiO₂-Ag core-shell nanocomposite	52
In situ hydrolysis	Reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle composite (rGO-Ag)	181
Surfactant mediated route	ZnO/Ag nanoparticles	242
Microwave assisted one-pot approach	Two-dimensional chemically exfoliated layered hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and embedded silver nanoparticles (SNP/h-BN)	178
Chemical reduction	AgNP-impregnated silica	207
Incipient wetness impregnation	Silver nanoparticles supported on alumina (Ag/Al₂O₃)	225
Successive ion layer adsorption and reaction	Silver nanoparticles supported on alumina (Ag/Al₂O)	226
Modified solution phase-based nanocapsule method	Carbon supported Ag nanoparticles	243
Annealing reduction	Silver nanoparticles supported on diamond nanoparticles (Ag/D₃)	194
Heated at 500 ℃	Silver nanoparticles supported on nanostructured tungsten oxide (Ag/WO₃)	236
Reduction and carbonization	Macro-tube/meso-pore carbon frame with decorated mono-dispersed silver nanoparticles (Ag/C)	201
Bottom-up self-assembly method	Silver nanoparticles on carbon nitride sheets	224
Solid-state synthetic route	Ag/graphene oxide nanocomposites	187
Green approach	Silver nanoparticle-decorated graphene oxide (GO-Ag) nanocomposite	174
Etch, precipitate, dry in vacuum	Ag nanoparticles-decorated MnO₂ nanowires (Ag/MnO₂)	179
Impregnation method	Three-dimensional ordered mesoporous MnO₂-supported Ag nanoparticles (Ag/MnO₂)	231
Chemical reduction	ilver nanoparticles deposited on mesoporous silica (Ag-MCM-41)	208
Polyol reduction	Copper nanoparticles supported on diamond nanoparticles (Cu/D)	195
Chemical reduction	Ag and Cu Monometallic and Ag/Cu bimetallic nanoparticle-graphene composites (Ag-Graphene, Cu-raphene, Ag/Cu-graphene)	185
Electron-assisted reduction	Silver nanoparticles supported on aminated-carbon nanotubes (Ag/A-CNTs)	191
Classic volumetric impregnation	Silver nanoparticles confined in carbon nanotubes (Ag-in/hCNT)	192
Liquid impregnation and light-induced reduction	Silver nanoparticles supported on a conjugated microporous polymer (Ag@CMP)	177
Wet impregnation followed by reduction, in situ deposition/reduction	Mesoporous silica supported silver nanoparticles (Ag/HMS)	54
Galvanic replacement reaction	Bimetallic porous CuO microspheres decorated with Ag nanoparticles (μCuO/nAg)	232
Chemical reduction	Crosslinked PVA/PVP supported silver nanoparticles (PVA/PVP/Ag)	217
Evaporate under vacuum and dry	Ag nanoparticles supported on activated carbon (Ag/C)	245
Ion exchange, reduce in situ	Ag nanoparticles supported on multifunctional Tb-MOF (Ag@CTGU-1)	53
Liquid impregnation method	Ag@MOF (Ag@MIL-100(Fe) and Ag@UIO-66(Zr))	212
Microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition	Diamond-Ag-Diamond (D-Ag-D)	196
One-pot pyrolysis method	Silver nanoparticle-decorated boron nitride (Ag-BN)	221
Microwave-assisted synthesis	Carbon nitride-supported silver nanoparticles	197
Thermal condensation, chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticles decorated on porous ultrathin two dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (AgNPs@g-CN)	198
Chemical reduction	Carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles (CNT-AgNP)	193
Activated, suspended, irradiated	Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated with Ag-nanoparticle-embedded metal-organic framework MIL-100(Fe) (Fe₃O₄@MIL-100(Fe)/Ag)	176
Chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticles (nAg), chitosan-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) polymer conjugate (Chit-PHB) (nAg-Chit-PHB)	218

表3 不同载体银纳米材料的种类及合成方法总结

Table 3 The types and synthesis methods of silver nanomaterials with different carriers

Method	Specie	ref
Incipient-wetness impregnation method	Zirconia-supported Ag particles	235
Mix silver glue and PVA and evaporation of the solvent	Silver-polyvinyl alcohol (Ag-PVA) nanocomposites	214
Calcination	Silver/carbon composites	237
Microwave-assisted one-step synthesis	Polyacrylamide-metal (M=Ag, Pt, Cu) nanocomposites	215
The Ar⁺ sputtering in UHV followed by Annealing in air	Silver nanoparticles supported on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (Ag/HOPG)	238
Calcination	Ag Nanoparticles supported on Alumina (Ag/Al₂O₃) materials	211
Incipient-wetness impregnation	Silica supported silver nanoparticles (Ag/SiO₂)	204
Citrate-protecting method	Carbon-supported Ag nanoparticles (Ag/C)	239
One-pot facile synthesis	Ag/TiO_2-xN_x	227
In situ reduction of adsorbed Ag⁺ by hydroquinone in a citrate buffer solution	Silver nanoparticle and graphene oxide nanosheet composites (AgNP/GO)	186
Chemical assembly	Silver nanoparticles supported on TiO₂ nanotubes (Ag-TiO₂)	228
Adsorption	Silver nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (AgNP/rGO)	180
Carbon radical reaction procedure and a chemical reduction method	Silver nanoparticles on functionalized graphene with uniform carboxylic sodium groups (AgNPs/CS-G)	182
Chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticles loaded the pores of mesoporous silica SBA-15 (Ag@SBA-15)	205
Adenine functionalization	Template the growth of silver nanoparticles on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Ag/MWCNTs)	190
One-step simultaneous reduction	Graphene-Ag nanocomposite	183
In situ assembly	Carbon nanofibers/silver nanoparticles (CNFs/AgNPs) composite nanofibers	200
Solvothermal-assisted heat treatment and photoreduction method	Nanostructured Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)/nanoporous ZnO micrometer-rods (n-ZnO MRs)	229
Chemical reduction	Carbon-Supported Ag Nanoparticles (Ag/C)	240
Chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticle-decorated boron nitride nanosheets (Ag-BNNS nanohybrid)	220
Dispersing silica powder in the suspension of destabilized silver nanoparticles	Silica-supported silver nanoparticles (Ag/SiO₂)	206
Nano-assembly	Mesoporous silica microcapsule-supported Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs@silica microcap-sule)	175
Chemical reduction	Poly (N-heterocyclic carbene)-supported silver nanoparticles (poly-NHC-Ag nano-composite)	216
One-pot photochemical synthesis	Silver nanoparticles supported on graphene composites	184
Biogenic synthesis	Ag-ZnO nanocomposite	230
Green synthesis	Silver nanoparticles supported on the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets functionalized with mussel-inspired dopamine (Ag/GO-Dop)	188
Assembly	Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticle 2D arrays on protein-coated graphene oxide (GO@Au@Ag)	241
In situ hydrolysis	Porous TiO₂-Ag core-shell nanocomposite	52
In situ hydrolysis	Reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle composite (rGO-Ag)	181
Surfactant mediated route	ZnO/Ag nanoparticles	242
Microwave assisted one-pot approach	Two-dimensional chemically exfoliated layered hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and embedded silver nanoparticles (SNP/h-BN)	178
Chemical reduction	AgNP-impregnated silica	207
Incipient wetness impregnation	Silver nanoparticles supported on alumina (Ag/Al₂O₃)	225
Successive ion layer adsorption and reaction	Silver nanoparticles supported on alumina (Ag/Al₂O)	226
Modified solution phase-based nanocapsule method	Carbon supported Ag nanoparticles	243
Annealing reduction	Silver nanoparticles supported on diamond nanoparticles (Ag/D₃)	194
Heated at 500 ℃	Silver nanoparticles supported on nanostructured tungsten oxide (Ag/WO₃)	236
Reduction and carbonization	Macro-tube/meso-pore carbon frame with decorated mono-dispersed silver nanoparticles (Ag/C)	201
Bottom-up self-assembly method	Silver nanoparticles on carbon nitride sheets	224
Solid-state synthetic route	Ag/graphene oxide nanocomposites	187
Green approach	Silver nanoparticle-decorated graphene oxide (GO-Ag) nanocomposite	174
Etch, precipitate, dry in vacuum	Ag nanoparticles-decorated MnO₂ nanowires (Ag/MnO₂)	179
Impregnation method	Three-dimensional ordered mesoporous MnO₂-supported Ag nanoparticles (Ag/MnO₂)	231
Chemical reduction	ilver nanoparticles deposited on mesoporous silica (Ag-MCM-41)	208
Polyol reduction	Copper nanoparticles supported on diamond nanoparticles (Cu/D)	195
Chemical reduction	Ag and Cu Monometallic and Ag/Cu bimetallic nanoparticle-graphene composites (Ag-Graphene, Cu-raphene, Ag/Cu-graphene)	185
Electron-assisted reduction	Silver nanoparticles supported on aminated-carbon nanotubes (Ag/A-CNTs)	191
Classic volumetric impregnation	Silver nanoparticles confined in carbon nanotubes (Ag-in/hCNT)	192
Liquid impregnation and light-induced reduction	Silver nanoparticles supported on a conjugated microporous polymer (Ag@CMP)	177
Wet impregnation followed by reduction, in situ deposition/reduction	Mesoporous silica supported silver nanoparticles (Ag/HMS)	54
Galvanic replacement reaction	Bimetallic porous CuO microspheres decorated with Ag nanoparticles (μCuO/nAg)	232
Chemical reduction	Crosslinked PVA/PVP supported silver nanoparticles (PVA/PVP/Ag)	217
Evaporate under vacuum and dry	Ag nanoparticles supported on activated carbon (Ag/C)	245
Ion exchange, reduce in situ	Ag nanoparticles supported on multifunctional Tb-MOF (Ag@CTGU-1)	53
Liquid impregnation method	Ag@MOF (Ag@MIL-100(Fe) and Ag@UIO-66(Zr))	212
Microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition	Diamond-Ag-Diamond (D-Ag-D)	196
One-pot pyrolysis method	Silver nanoparticle-decorated boron nitride (Ag-BN)	221
Microwave-assisted synthesis	Carbon nitride-supported silver nanoparticles	197
Thermal condensation, chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticles decorated on porous ultrathin two dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (AgNPs@g-CN)	198
Chemical reduction	Carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles (CNT-AgNP)	193
Activated, suspended, irradiated	Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated with Ag-nanoparticle-embedded metal-organic framework MIL-100(Fe) (Fe₃O₄@MIL-100(Fe)/Ag)	176
Chemical reduction	Silver nanoparticles (nAg), chitosan-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) polymer conjugate (Chit-PHB) (nAg-Chit-PHB)	218

表4 银纳米材料在染料处理中的应用总结

Table 4 The applications of silver nanomaterials in dye treatment

Materials	Applications	ref
Ag/TiO₂	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue	251
Silver-doped titanium oxide nanofibers	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue dihydrate, methyl red	252
Silver nanoparticles on amidoxime fibers (Ag/AOF fibers)	Photocatalytic degradation; Methyl orange	263
Ag-ZnO nanocomposite	Visible light-assisted degradation; Methyl orange	264
Silver and palladium nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon (Ag-AC and/or Pd-AC)	Adsorption; Methylene blue	253
Nano-silica-AgNPs composite material (NSAgNP)	Electrostatic adsorption; Congo red (CR), eosin yellow (EY), bromophenol blue (BPB), brilliant blue (BB)	267
Silver nanoparticle-colemanite ore waste (Ag-COW)	Adsorptive and photocatalytic removal; Reactive yellow 86 (RY86) and reactive red2 (RR2)	268
Carbon microspheres decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNP-CMSs)	Adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition; Methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB)	254
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles (Ag/CNTs)	Adsorption; Tartrazine dye	269
Reduced graphene oxide-based silver nanoparticle-containing composite hydrogels (RGO/PEI/Ag hydrogel)	Photocatalytic degradation; Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB)	255
ZnO-Ag nano custard apples	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue (MB)	256
Silver nanoparticles decorated magnetic-chitosan microsphere	Adsorptive removal; Acid blue 113 (AB-113), bromocresol green (BCG), bromophenol blue (BPB), congo red (CR), eosine yellow (EY), solochrome black (SB), solochrome dark blue (SDB), yellow 5GN (Y-5GN)	270
Au-Ag bimetallic nanostructures	Photocatalytic degradation; Rose bengal, methyl violet 6 B and methylene blue	257
Ag/CdS nanoparticles immobilized on a cement bed	Photocatalytic degradation; Azo dye, direct red 264 (DR 264)	272
Poly (acrylic acid)-silver/silver nanoparticles hydrogels (PAA-Ag/AgNPs hydrogels)	Adsorption, photocatalytic degradation; Congo red (CR), rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB)	258
Silver nanoparticles	Photocatalytic degradation; AZO dye	274
Ag-soil nanocomposite	Adsorption; Crystal violet	271
Silver nanoparticles coated with Solanum nigrum (Sn-AgNPs)	Photocatalytic degradation; Methyl orange	265
Silver nanoparticles supported on cellulose	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue, methyl orange, bromophenol blue, eosin Y and orange G	259
Silver-attached reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite	Photocatalytic degradation; Indigo carmine, methylene blue	260
Silver (Ag) loaded tungsten oxide (WO₃) nanoparticles	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue	261
Silver/poly(styrene-N-isopropylacrylamide-methacrylic acid) (Ag/PSNM) nanocomposite spheres	Catalytic degradation; Methylene blue (MB)	262
Ag NPs on the Fe₃O₄/HZSM-5 surface (Ag/Fe₃O₄/HZSM-5 nanocomposite)	Catalytic reduction; Methyl orange, 4-nitrophenol	266
Ferrites modified with silver nanoparticles (ZnFe₂O₄/Ag-NPs, MgFe₂O₄/Ag-NPs, CoFe₂O₄/Ag-NPs)	Photocatalytic degradation; Malachite green	273
Chitin nano-crystals/sodium lignosulfonate/Ag NPs nanocomposites (ChNC@NaLS@AgNPs)	Catalytic degradation; Congo Red	275

表4 银纳米材料在染料处理中的应用总结

Table 4 The applications of silver nanomaterials in dye treatment

Materials	Applications	ref
Ag/TiO₂	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue	251
Silver-doped titanium oxide nanofibers	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue dihydrate, methyl red	252
Silver nanoparticles on amidoxime fibers (Ag/AOF fibers)	Photocatalytic degradation; Methyl orange	263
Ag-ZnO nanocomposite	Visible light-assisted degradation; Methyl orange	264
Silver and palladium nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon (Ag-AC and/or Pd-AC)	Adsorption; Methylene blue	253
Nano-silica-AgNPs composite material (NSAgNP)	Electrostatic adsorption; Congo red (CR), eosin yellow (EY), bromophenol blue (BPB), brilliant blue (BB)	267
Silver nanoparticle-colemanite ore waste (Ag-COW)	Adsorptive and photocatalytic removal; Reactive yellow 86 (RY86) and reactive red2 (RR2)	268
Carbon microspheres decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNP-CMSs)	Adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition; Methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB)	254
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles (Ag/CNTs)	Adsorption; Tartrazine dye	269
Reduced graphene oxide-based silver nanoparticle-containing composite hydrogels (RGO/PEI/Ag hydrogel)	Photocatalytic degradation; Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB)	255
ZnO-Ag nano custard apples	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue (MB)	256
Silver nanoparticles decorated magnetic-chitosan microsphere	Adsorptive removal; Acid blue 113 (AB-113), bromocresol green (BCG), bromophenol blue (BPB), congo red (CR), eosine yellow (EY), solochrome black (SB), solochrome dark blue (SDB), yellow 5GN (Y-5GN)	270
Au-Ag bimetallic nanostructures	Photocatalytic degradation; Rose bengal, methyl violet 6 B and methylene blue	257
Ag/CdS nanoparticles immobilized on a cement bed	Photocatalytic degradation; Azo dye, direct red 264 (DR 264)	272
Poly (acrylic acid)-silver/silver nanoparticles hydrogels (PAA-Ag/AgNPs hydrogels)	Adsorption, photocatalytic degradation; Congo red (CR), rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB)	258
Silver nanoparticles	Photocatalytic degradation; AZO dye	274
Ag-soil nanocomposite	Adsorption; Crystal violet	271
Silver nanoparticles coated with Solanum nigrum (Sn-AgNPs)	Photocatalytic degradation; Methyl orange	265
Silver nanoparticles supported on cellulose	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue, methyl orange, bromophenol blue, eosin Y and orange G	259
Silver-attached reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite	Photocatalytic degradation; Indigo carmine, methylene blue	260
Silver (Ag) loaded tungsten oxide (WO₃) nanoparticles	Photocatalytic degradation; Methylene blue	261
Silver/poly(styrene-N-isopropylacrylamide-methacrylic acid) (Ag/PSNM) nanocomposite spheres	Catalytic degradation; Methylene blue (MB)	262
Ag NPs on the Fe₃O₄/HZSM-5 surface (Ag/Fe₃O₄/HZSM-5 nanocomposite)	Catalytic reduction; Methyl orange, 4-nitrophenol	266
Ferrites modified with silver nanoparticles (ZnFe₂O₄/Ag-NPs, MgFe₂O₄/Ag-NPs, CoFe₂O₄/Ag-NPs)	Photocatalytic degradation; Malachite green	273
Chitin nano-crystals/sodium lignosulfonate/Ag NPs nanocomposites (ChNC@NaLS@AgNPs)	Catalytic degradation; Congo Red	275

图8 光催化降解机理以及路径图: (A)宽谱光照射下SDAg-CQDs/UCN光催化降解萘普生(NPX)机理示意图;(B)可见光照射下在SDAg-CQDs/UCN水溶液中NPX可能的转化途径[32];(C)4% Ag-g-C3N4光催化臭氧氧化降解对乙酰氨基酚(ACE)的机理;(D)4% Ag-g-C3N4光催化臭氧化降解ACE的途径[284]

Fig.8 Photocatalytic degradation mechanism and pathway. (A) Schematic photocatalytic mechanism for the SDAg-CQDs/UCN under broad-spectrum light irradiation; (B) possible transformation pathways of NPX in the aqueous SDAg-CQDs/UCN solution under visible light irradiation[32], Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (C) Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic ozonation by 4% Ag-g-C3N4 for degrading acetaminophen (ACE); (D) Proposed degradation pathway for photocatalytic ozonation of ACE using 4% Ag-g-C3N4[284], Copyright 2019, Elsevier

图9 银纳米材料抗菌机理图:(A)GO-Ag的抗菌机理示意图[291];(B)银纳米颗粒(AgNPs),银离子(Ag+)和细胞相互作用示意图[298]

Fig.9 Schematic mechanisms for antibacterial behaviors of silver nanomaterials. (A) Schematic mechanisms for antibacterial behaviors of GO-Ag[291], Copyright 2016, Elsevier. (B) Schematic of AgNPs, Ag+, and cell interactions[298], Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society

表5 银纳米材料作为传感器在有毒金属检测中的应用总结

Table 5 The applications of silver nanomaterials as sensors in the detection of toxic metals

Materials	Analyte	Detection technique	LOD	ref
Starch-stabilized AgNPs	Hg²⁺	UV-Vis	5 ppb	305
Silver nanoclusters	Hg²⁺	Fluorescence	10^-10 M	320
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺, Hg⁺	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic	^*	308
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	UV-visible	17 nM	309
Silver nanoparticle-embedded poly (vinyl alcohol) (Ag-PVA) thin film	Hg²⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Hg	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) extinction	1 ppb	316
Silver nanoparticle loaded on alumina	Hg²⁺	ICP-OES	^*	317
Ag₂₅ clusters	Hg²⁺, Pt²⁺, Au³⁺	Absorption and fluorescence	1 ppb, ppm	321
Thiol-functionalized silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS)	0.0024 μM
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	UV-vis	2.2×10^-6 M	310
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	UV-vis	6.6×10^-9 M	313
The p-phenylenediamine (p-PDA) functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)	Hg²⁺, Fe³⁺	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption	0.80 M, 1.29 M	319
Silver nanoparticles embedded in cyclodextrin-silicate composite	Hg²⁺, nitrobenzene	Surface plasmon absorption spectra	^*	314
SiO₂/Ag NPs	Hg²⁺	Spectral and colorimetric detection	5 μM	315
Ag nanoparticle-decorated graphene quantum dots ((AgNPs/GQDs)	Ag⁺, Cys, Hcy, GSH	Fluorescence	3.5 nM, 6.2 nM, 4.5 nM, 4.1 nM	322
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	0.5 nM	312
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	0.5 mM	306
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	0.273 nM	307
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	1.18 nM	311
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺,Cr³⁺	Colorimetric sensing	0.125 μM, 6.25 μM	323
Ag@AgCl nanomaterial	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	4.19 nM	324

表5 银纳米材料作为传感器在有毒金属检测中的应用总结

Table 5 The applications of silver nanomaterials as sensors in the detection of toxic metals

Materials	Analyte	Detection technique	LOD	ref
Starch-stabilized AgNPs	Hg²⁺	UV-Vis	5 ppb	305
Silver nanoclusters	Hg²⁺	Fluorescence	10^-10 M	320
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺, Hg⁺	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic	^*	308
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	UV-visible	17 nM	309
Silver nanoparticle-embedded poly (vinyl alcohol) (Ag-PVA) thin film	Hg²⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Hg	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) extinction	1 ppb	316
Silver nanoparticle loaded on alumina	Hg²⁺	ICP-OES	^*	317
Ag₂₅ clusters	Hg²⁺, Pt²⁺, Au³⁺	Absorption and fluorescence	1 ppb, ppm	321
Thiol-functionalized silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS)	0.0024 μM
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	UV-vis	2.2×10^-6 M	310
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	UV-vis	6.6×10^-9 M	313
The p-phenylenediamine (p-PDA) functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)	Hg²⁺, Fe³⁺	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption	0.80 M, 1.29 M	319
Silver nanoparticles embedded in cyclodextrin-silicate composite	Hg²⁺, nitrobenzene	Surface plasmon absorption spectra	^*	314
SiO₂/Ag NPs	Hg²⁺	Spectral and colorimetric detection	5 μM	315
Ag nanoparticle-decorated graphene quantum dots ((AgNPs/GQDs)	Ag⁺, Cys, Hcy, GSH	Fluorescence	3.5 nM, 6.2 nM, 4.5 nM, 4.1 nM	322
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	0.5 nM	312
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	0.5 mM	306
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	0.273 nM	307
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	1.18 nM	311
Silver nanoparticles	Hg²⁺,Cr³⁺	Colorimetric sensing	0.125 μM, 6.25 μM	323
Ag@AgCl nanomaterial	Hg²⁺	Colorimetric sensing	4.19 nM	324

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银纳米材料的可控合成及其环境应用

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银纳米材料的可控合成及其环境应用

Controlled Synthesis of Silver Nanomaterials and Their Environmental Applications