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化学进展 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (9): 1935-1946 DOI: 10.7536/PC211226 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

微塑料:生物效应、分析和降解方法综述

周丽1, Abdelkrim Yasmine2, 姜志国2,*(), 于中振1,*(), 曲晋1,*()   

  1. 1 北京化工大学材料科学与工程学院 有机无机复合材料国家重点实验室 北京 100029
    2 北京化工大学 北京市先进功能高分子复合材料重点实验室 北京 100029
  • 收稿日期:2021-12-24 修回日期:2022-01-29 出版日期:2022-09-20 发布日期:2022-04-01
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Microplastics: A Review on Biological Effects, Analysis and Degradation Methods

Li Zhou1, Abdelkrim Yasmine2, Zhiguo Jiang2(), Zhongzhen Yu1(), Jin Qu1()   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
    2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029, China
  • Received:2021-12-24 Revised:2022-01-29 Online:2022-09-20 Published:2022-04-01
  • Contact: *qujin@mail.buct.edu.cn(Jin Qu);jiangzg@mail.buct.edu.cn(Zhiguo Jiang);yuzz@mail.buct.edu.cn(Zhongzhen Yu)

微塑料(MPs)的出现引起了全球的广泛关注,它们遍布海洋和陆地的各个环境介质中,造成了严重的环境污染。微塑料通常被定义为粒径小于5 mm的塑料纤维、颗粒或者薄膜,可被生物吸收积累,产生生态风险和健康风险。实际上很多微塑料可达微米乃至纳米级别,肉眼是不可见的,因此也被形象地比作海洋中的“PM2.5”。作为目前学术界和社会各界争论的热点问题,本篇综述旨在系统地介绍环境中微塑料的来源与分布、生物效应以及分析鉴定方法,并重点介绍了微塑料污染的降解策略和研究成果,为今后微塑料降解方法的研究提供了参考。

关键词： 微塑料, 生物效应, 分析方法, 降解方法

The emergence of microplastics (MPs) has aroused widespread concern around the world. They spread all over the ocean and land in various environmental media, causing serious environmental pollution. Microplastics are generally defined as plastic fibers, particles or films with a particle size of less than 5 mm, which can be absorbed and accumulated by organisms, causing ecological and health risks. In fact, many microplastics can reach the micron or even nanometer level and are invisible to the naked eye, so they are vividly compared to the “PM2.5” in the ocean. As a hot issue in the current academic and social circles, this review aims to systematically introduce the source and distribution, biological effects, analysis and identification methods of microplastics in the environment, and focus on the degradation strategies and research results of microplastics pollution, providing a reference for the future study of microplastics degradation.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Biological effects of microplastics

3 Analysis methods of microplastics

3.1 Sample collection

3.2 Sample processing

3.3 Identification of microplastics

4 Degradation of microplastics

4.1 Biodegradation

4.2 Advanced oxidation degradation

4.3 Photocatalytic degradation

5 Conclusion

Key words: microplastics, biological effect, analysis method, degradation method
()
图2 微塑料在人体中的潜在接触途径和颗粒毒性[69]
Fig. 2 Potential pathways of exposure and particle toxicity for microplastics in the human body[69]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
图1 海水中双酚A在微塑料表面的吸附/释放机理图[51]
Fig. 1 Adsorption/release mechanism diagram of bisphenol A from seawater on microplastic surface[51]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
图3 芽孢杆菌菌株降解微塑料[106]
Fig. 3 Bacillus strain degrades microplastics[106]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier
图4 (a) PS和(b) PE的O/C比值与蚀变时间的相关性[118]
Fig. 4 (a) Correlations between the O/C ratio and alteration time of (a) PS and (b) PE[118]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
图5 基于TiO2/C阴极的类电芬顿(EF-like)技术降解PVC微塑料[119]
Fig. 5 Degradation of PVC microplastics by EF-like technology based on TiO2/C cathode[119]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
表1 不同反应条件下计算的一级速率常数[120]
Table 1 First order rate constant calculated under different reaction conditions[120]
System k×10-4 (h-1) R2
PE/N-TiO2 composite (solid media) 12.2 ± 0.8 0.9794
PE/N-TiO2 composite (aqueous media) 38.2 ± 3.7 0.9561
N-TiO2-coated Batch reactor 27.4 ± 3.3 0.9315
图6 (a) 一定时间间隔下PS的原位漫反射红外光谱;(b) 紫外光照射前后PS负载TiO2薄膜的热重分析[123]
Fig. 6 (a) In-situ DRIFTs spectrum of PS with a time interval; (b) thermogravimetric analysis of PS loaded TiO2 film before and after UV irradiation[123]. Copyright 2020, Cell Press
图7 光催化模块的光学图像;反应前后微塑料的形貌对比以及光降解副产物[125]
Fig. 7 Optical image of the photocatalytic module; Comparison of morphology of microplastics before and after reaction and photodegradation by-products[125]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier
图8 样品的(a) XRD和(b) FTIR,(c) 裂解气相色谱,(d) 质谱,(e) XPS 测量光谱,(f) 高分辨O 1s[126]
Fig. 8 (a) XRD and (b) FTIR, (c) pyrolysis gas chromatography, (d) mass spectrometry, (e) XPS survey spectra, (f) high-resolution O 1s of the samples[126]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier
表2 在清除剂存在的情况下,提取的HDPE MPs 与C,N-TiO2光催化降解HDPE MPs的CI值比较[124]
Table 2 Comparison of the CI of the as-extracted HDPE MPs with those subjected to visible-light photocatalytic degradation by C,N-TiO2 in the presence of scavengers[124]
HDPE MPs MPs’ Degradation (%) CI(A1720/A1380)
As-extracted — 0.86
Without scavengers 71.77 ± 1.88 1.11
With OH· scavengers 1.98 ± 0.60 0.85
With h+ scavengers 2.53 ± 1.00 0.80
With O2·- scavengers 37.98 ± 1.98 1.03
With e- scavengers 1.62 ± 0.10 0.70
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