• 综述 •
朱继秀, 陈巧芬, 倪梯铜, 陈爱民, 邬建敏. 气敏新材料MXenes在呼出气体传感器中的应用[J]. 化学进展, 2021, 33(2): 232-242.
Jixiu Zhu, Qiaofen Chen, Titong Ni, Aimin Chen, Jianmin Wu. Application for Exhaled Gas Sensor Based on Novel Mxenes Materials*[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2021, 33(2): 232-242.
电子鼻结合人工智能对呼出气进行检测、分析和识别已成为非侵入性医疗检测领域的研究热点。然而,目前已报道的气体传感材料尚不能同时满足高灵敏度、高选择性和稳定的室温检测,阻碍了气体传感器在医疗健康领域的应用及发展,寻找合适的传感材料具有重要的意义和挑战。新型二维层状纳米材料MXenes具有种类多、比表面积大、导电性能强、表面含有丰富的官能团以及能带宽度可调等优异性能,是高灵敏、低能耗气体传感器的明星候选材料。本综述针对MXenes基材料的特殊结构,总结梳理了MXenes基材料在气体传感中的最新研究成果,聚焦于MXenes材料的气体传感机理和改性方法,对MXenes材料用于气体传感依然存在的问题和挑战进行深入探讨。
分享此文:
Precursor type | Composition | Etching method | MXene | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
M2AX 211 | Ti2AlC | 10% conc.-10 h-RT | Ti2CTx | |
V2AlC | 50% conc.-90 h-RT | V2CTx | ||
Nb2AlC | 50% conc.-90 h-RT | Nb2CTx | ||
M3AX2 312 | Ti3AlC2 | 50% conc.-2 h-RT | Ti3C2Tx | |
Ti3SiC2 | HF 30% conc. + H2O2 35% conc.-45 h-40 ℃ | Ti3C2Tx | ||
Ti3AlCN | 30% conc.-18 h-RT | Ti3CNTx | ||
M4AX3 413 | V4AlC3 | 40% conc.-165 h-RT | V4C3Tx | |
Nb4AlC3 | 49% conc.-140 h-RT | Nb4C3Tx | ||
Ta4AlC3 | 50% conc.-72 h-RT | Ta4C3Tx |
Material | Gas species | LOD | Response ((Rg-Ra/Ra)% | Temperature | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti3C2Tx MXene | ammonia | 100 ppb | 0.1% | RT | |
ethanol | 100 ppb | 0.25% | |||
acetone | 50 ppb | 0.15% | |||
3D Ti3C2Tx MXene | acetone | 50 ppb | 0.08% | RT | |
V2CTx MXene | hydrogen | 2 ppm | 0.04% | RT | |
TiO2/Ti3C2Tx | ammonia | 0.5 ppm | 1% | 25 ℃ | |
Single-Layer Ti3C2Tx MXene(NaF +HCl etched) | ammonia | 10 ppm | 0.8% | 25 ℃ | |
W18O49/Ti3C2Tx | acetone | 170 ppb | 1.6(Ra/Rg) | 300 ℃ | |
Alkalized organ-like Ti3C2Tx MXene | ammonia | 10 ppm | — | RT | |
V4C3Tx MXene | acetone | 1 ppm | — | 25 ℃ | |
Ti3C2Tx/WSe2 hybrids (n-type sensing behavior) | ethanol | 1 ppm | — | RT | |
Fe2(MoO4)3/MXene composite | n-butanol | 5 ppm | — | 120 ℃ |
[1] |
Khan Y, Ostfeld A E, Lochner C M, Pierre A, Arias A C. Adv. Mater., 2016, 28(22):4373.
|
[2] |
Konvalina G, Haick H. Acc. Chem. Res., 2014, 47(1):66.
|
[3] |
Broza Y Y, Vishinkin R, Barash O, Nakhleh M K, Haick H. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2018, 47(13):4781.
|
[4] |
di Natale C, Paolesse R, Martinelli E, Capuano R. Anal. Chimica Acta, 2014, 824:1.
|
[5] |
Aleksandr K, Boris K, Igor J, Anna G. J. Breath Res., 2020, 14:016004.
|
[6] |
Persaud K, Dodd G. Nature, 1982, 299(5881):352.
|
[7] |
Wilson A D. Devpress, 2016, 5:15.
|
[8] |
Peng G, Tisch U, Adams O, Hakim M, Shehada N, Broza Y Y, Billan S, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Kuten A, Haick H. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2009, 4(10):669.
|
[9] |
Zhu X, Liu D, Chen Q, Lin L, Jiang S, Zhou H, Zhao J, Wu J. Chem. Commun., 2016, 52(14):3042.
|
[10] |
Chen A M, Liu R, Peng X, Chen Q F, Wu J M. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9(42):37191.
|
[11] |
Chen Q F, Chen Z, Liu D, He Z F, Wu J M. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12(15):17713.
|
[12] |
Qin S W, Tang P G, Feng Y J, Li D Q. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2020, 309:127801.
|
[13] |
Cho H J, Choi S J, Kim N H, Kim I D. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2020, 304:127350.
|
[14] |
Bai S L, Zhao Y B, Sun J H, Tian Y, Luo R X, Li D Q, Chen A F. Chem. Commun., 2015, 51(35):7524.
|
[15] |
Eising M, Cava C E, Salvatierra R V, Zarbin A J G, Roman L S. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2017, 245:25.
|
[16] |
Itoh T, Nakashima T, Akamatsu T, Izu N, Shin W. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2013, 187:135.
|
[17] |
Kim D H, Kim T H, Sohn W, Suh J M, Shim Y S, Kwon K C, Hong K, Choi S, Byun H G, Lee J H, Jang H W. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2018, 274:587.
|
[18] |
Schedin F, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Hill E W, Blake P, Katsnelson M I, Novoselov K S. Nat. Mater., 2007, 6(9):652.
URL pmid: 17660825 |
[19] |
Cho B, HahmM G, Choi M, Yoon J, Kim A R, Lee Y J, Park S G, Kwon J D, Kim C S, Song M, Jeong Y, Nam K S, Lee S, Yoo T G, Kang C G, Lee B H, Ko H C, Ajayan P M, Kim D H . Sci. Rep., 2015, 5 :8052.
|
[20] |
Lu G H, Ocola L E, Chen J H. Nanotechnology, 2009, 20(44):445502.
|
[21] |
Jeong Y J, Koo W T, Jang J S, Kim D H, Kim M H, Kim I D. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10(2):2016.
|
[22] |
Feng Z Y, Ma Y X, Natarajan V, Zhao Q Q, Ma X C, Zhan J H. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2018, 255:884.
|
[23] |
Wang B, Deng L, Sun L, Lei Y P, Wu N, Wang Y D. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2018, 276:57.
|
[24] |
Kumar L, Rawal I, Kaur A, Annapoorni S. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2017, 240:408.
|
[25] |
Fratoddi I, Venditti I, Cametti C, Russo M V. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2015, 220:534.
|
[26] |
Vikrant K, Kumar V, Kim K H. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6(45):22391.
|
[27] |
Tripathi K M, Kim T, Losic D, Tung T T. Carbon, 2016, 110:97.
|
[28] |
Lee E, Yoon Y S, Kim D J. ACS Sens., 2018, 3(10):2045.
URL pmid: 30270624 |
[29] |
Sarkar D, Xie X J, Kang J H, Zhang H J, Liu W, Navarrete J, Moskovits M, Banerjee K. Nano Lett., 2015, 15(5):2852.
|
[30] |
Li Q, Cen Y, Huang J Y, Li X J, Zhang H, Geng Y F, Yakobson B I, Du Y, Tian X Q. Nanoscale Horiz., 2018, 3(5):525.
URL pmid: 32254138 |
[31] |
Shen L, Zhou X Y, Zhang X L, Zhang Y Z, Liu Y L, Wang W J, Si W L, Dong X C. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6(46):23513.
|
[32] |
Liu Y T, Zhang P, Sun N, Anasori B, Zhu Q Z, Liu H, Gogotsi Y, Xu B. Adv. Mater., 2018, 30(23):1707334.
|
[33] |
Zhang H, Wang L B, Shen C J, Qin G, Hu Q K, Zhou A G. Electrochimica Acta, 2017, 248:178.
|
[34] |
Fan Z M, Wang Y S, Xie Z M, Xu X Q, Yuan Y, Cheng Z J, Liu Y Y. Nanoscale, 2018, 10(20):9642.
doi: 10.1039/c8nr01550c URL pmid: 29756628 |
[35] |
Wen Y Y, Rufford T E, Chen X Z, Li N, Lyu M Q, Dai L M, Wang L Z. Nano Energy, 2017, 38:368.
|
[36] |
Luo Y R, Chen G F, Ding L, Chen X Z, Ding L X, Wang H H. Joule, 2019, 3(1):279.
|
[37] |
Fang Y F, Liu Z C, Han J R, Jin Z Y, Han Y Q, Wang F X, Niu Y S, Wu Y P, Xu Y H. Adv. Energy Mater., 2019, 9(16):1803406.
|
[38] |
Yuan W, Cheng L F, An Y R, Lv S, Wu H, Fan X L, Zhang Y N, Guo X H, Tang J W. Adv. Sci., 2018, 5(6):1700870.
|
[39] |
Jin S, Hu Q K, Wang L B, Zhou A G. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 2020, 45(24):13559.
|
[40] |
Liu F F, Zhou A G, Chen J F, Jia J, Zhou W J, Wang L B, Hu Q K. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 416:781.
|
[41] |
Xue Q, Zhang H J, Zhu M S, Pei Z X, Li H F, Wang Z F, Huang Y, Huang Y, Deng Q H, Zhou J, Du S Y, Huang Q, Zhi C Y. Adv. Mater., 2017, 29(15):1604847.
|
[42] |
Zhan X X, Si C, Zhou J, Sun Z M. Nanoscale Horiz., 2020, 5(2):235.
|
[43] |
Li X Q, Wang C Y, Cao Y, Wang G X. Chem. Asian J., 2018, 13(19):2742.
URL pmid: 30047591 |
[44] |
Sinha A, Dhanjai, Zhao H M, Huang Y J, Lu X B, Chen J P, Jain R. Trac Trends Anal. Chem., 2018, 105:424.
|
[45] |
Barsoum M W. Prog. Solid State Chem., 2000, 28:201.
|
[46] |
Sun Z M, Music D, Ahuja R, Li S, Schneider J M. Phys. Rev. B, 2005, 71(5):059903.
|
Sun Z, Music D, Ahuja R, Li S, Schneider J M. Phys. Rev. B, 2004, 70:092102.
|
|
[47] |
Naguib M, Mochalin V N, Barsoum M W, Gogotsi Y. Adv. Mater., 2014, 26(7):992.
|
[48] |
Naguib M, Kurtoglu M, Presser V, Lu J, Niu J J, Heon M, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum M W. Adv. Mater., 2011, 23(37):4248.
doi: 10.1002/adma.201102306 URL pmid: 21861270 |
[49] |
Naguib M, Mashtalir O, Carle J, Presser V, Lu J, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum M W. ACS Nano, 2012, 6(2):1322.
|
[50] |
Srivastava P, Mishra A, Mizuseki H, Lee K R, Singh A K. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8(36):24256.
|
[51] |
Zhu K, Jin Y M, Du F, Gao S, Gao Z M, Meng X, Chen G, Wei Y J, Gao Y. J. Energy Chem., 2019, 31:11.
|
[52] |
VahidMohammadi A, Hadjikhani A, Shahbazmohamadi S, Beidaghi M. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(11):11135.
|
[53] |
Naguib M, Halim J, Lu J, Cook K M, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum M W. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135(43):15966.
URL pmid: 24144164 |
[54] |
Tran M H, Schäfer T, Shahraei A, Dürrschnabel M, Molina-Luna L, Kramm U I, Birkel C S. ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2018, 1(8):3908.
|
[55] |
Zhao S S, Meng X, Zhu K, Du F, Chen G, Wei Y J, Gogotsi Y, Gao Y. Energy Storage Mater., 2017, 8:42.
|
[56] |
Sang X H, Xie Y, Lin M W, Alhabeb M, van Aken K L, Gogotsi Y, Kent P R C, Xiao K, Unocic R R. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(10):9193.
|
[57] |
Yushin G N, Hoffman E N, Nikitin A, Ye H H, Barsoum M W, Gogotsi Y. Carbon, 2005, 43(10):2075.
|
[58] |
Xu C, Wang L B, Liu Z B, Chen L, Guo J K, Kang N, Ma X L, Cheng H M, Ren W C. Nat. Mater., 2015, 14(11):1135.
|
[59] |
Halim J, Kota S, Lukatskaya M R, Naguib M, Zhao M Q, Moon E J, Pitock J, Nanda J, May S J, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum M W. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2016, 26(18):3118.
|
[60] |
Zhou J, Zha X H, Chen F Y, Ye Q, Eklund P, Du S Y, Huang Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2016, 55(16):5008.
|
[61] |
Zhou J, Zha X H, Zhou X B, Chen F Y, Gao G L, Wang S W, Shen C, Chen T, Zhi C Y, Eklund P, Du S Y, Xue J M, Shi W Q, Chai Z F, Huang Q. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(4):3841.
doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00030 URL pmid: 28375599 |
[62] |
Alhabeb M, Maleski K, Mathis T S, Sarycheva A, Hatter C B, Uzun S, Levitt A, Gogotsi Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2018, 57(19):5444.
|
[63] |
Ghidiu M, Lukatskaya M R, Zhao M Q, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum M W. Nature, 2014, 516(7529):78.
|
[64] |
Liu F F, Zhou A G, Chen J F, Zhang H, Cao J L, Wang L B, Hu Q K. Adsorption, 2016, 22(7):915.
|
[65] |
Du F, Tang H, Pan L M, Zhang T, Lu H M, Xiong J, Yang J, Zhang C J. Electrochimica Acta, 2017, 235:690.
|
[66] |
Soundiraraju B, George B K. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(9):8892.
doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03129 URL pmid: 28846394 |
[67] |
Wu M, Wang B X, Hu Q K, Wang L B, Zhou A G. Materials, 2018, 11(11):2112.
|
[68] |
Halim J, Lukatskaya M R, Cook K M, Lu J, Smith C R, Näslund L Å, May S J, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Eklund P, Barsoum M W. Chem. Mater., 2014, 26(7):2374.
URL pmid: 24741204 |
[69] |
Feng A H, Yu Y, Jiang F, Wang Y, Mi L, Yu Y, Song L X. Ceram. Int., 2017, 43(8):6322.
|
[70] |
Anasori B, Lukatskaya M R, Gogotsi Y. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2017, 2(2):16098.
|
[71] |
Khazaei M, Ranjbar A, Arai M, Sasaki T, Yunoki S. J. Mater. Chem. C, 2017, 5(10):2488.
|
[72] |
Wu X H, Wang Z Y, Yu M Z, Xiu L Y, Qiu J S. Adv. Mater., 2017, 29(24):1607017.
|
[73] |
Aakyiir M, Yu H M, Araby S, Wang R Y, Michelmore A, Meng Q S, Losic D, Choudhury N R, Ma J. Chem. Eng. J., 2020, 397:125439.
|
[74] |
Berdiyorov G R. EPL Europhys. Lett., 2015, 111(6):67002.
|
[75] |
Zhang C J, Anasori B, Seral-Ascaso A, Park S H, McEvoy N, Shmeliov A, Duesberg G S, Coleman J N, Gogotsi Y, Nicolosi V. Adv. Mater., 2017, 29(36):1702678.
|
[76] |
Wang Z W, Kim H, Alshareef H N. Adv. Mater., 2018, 30(15):1706656.
|
[77] |
Zha X H, Zhou J, Luo K, Lang J J, Huang Q, Zhou X B, Francisco J S, He J, Du S Y. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2017, 29(16):165701.
|
[78] |
Khazaei M, Arai M, Sasaki T, Chung C Y, Venkataramanan N S, Estili M, Sakka Y, Kawazoe Y. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013, 23(17):2185.
|
[79] |
Yang J H, Zhou X M, Luo X P, Zhang S Z, Chen L. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2016, 109(20):203109.
|
[80] |
Si C, Zhou J, Sun Z M. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7(31):17510.
doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b05401 URL pmid: 26203779 |
[81] |
Yu X F, Li Y C, Cheng J B, Liu Z B, Li Q Z, Li W Z, Yang X, Xiao B. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7(24):13707.
|
[82] |
Xiao B, Li Y C, Yu X F, Cheng J B. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2016, 235:103.
|
[83] |
Ma S H, Yuan D Y, Jiao Z Y, Wang T X, Dai X Q. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2017, 121(43):24077.
|
[84] |
Junkaew A, ArrÓyave R. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20(9):6073.
|
[85] |
Khakbaz P, Moshayedi M, Hajian S, Soleimani M, Narakathu B B, Bazuin B J, Pourfath M, Atashbar M Z. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2019, 123(49):29794.
|
[86] |
Naqvi S R, Shukla V, Jena N K, Luo W, Ahuja R. Appl. Mater. Today, 2020, 19:100574.
|
[87] |
Fenske J D, Paulson S E. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 1999, 49(5):594.
doi: 10.1080/10473289.1999.10463831 URL pmid: 10352577 |
[88] |
Lee E, VahidMohammadi A, Prorok B C, Yoon Y S, Beidaghi M, Kim D J. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9(42):37184.
URL pmid: 28953355 |
[89] |
Kim S J, Koh H J, Ren C G, Kwon O, Maleski K, Cho S Y, Anasori B, Kim C K, Choi Y K, Kim J, Gogotsi Y, Jung H T. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(2):986.
|
[90] |
Lee E, VahidMohammadi A, Yoon Y S, Beidaghi M, Kim D J. ACS Sens., 2019, 4(6):1603.
|
[91] |
Zhao W N, Yun N, Dai Z H, Li Y F. RSC Adv., 2020, 10(3):1261.
|
[92] |
Sun S B, Wang M W, Chang X T, Jiang Y C, Zhang D Z, Wang D S, Zhang Y L, Lei Y H. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2020, 304:127274.
|
[93] |
Tai H L, Duan Z H, He Z Z, Li X, Xu J L, Liu B H, Jiang Y D. Sensor Actuat. B: Chem., 2019, 298:126874.
|
[94] |
Chen W Y, Jiang X F, Lai S N, Peroulis D, Stanciu L. Nat. Commun., 2020, 11:1302.
|
[95] |
Pazniak H, Plugin I A, Loes M J, Inerbaev T M, Burmistrov I N. ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2020, 3:3195.
|
[96] |
Hu B, Li D P, Ala O, Manandhar P, Fan Q G, Kasilingam D, Calvert P D. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2011, 21(2):305.
|
[97] |
Yuan W, Yang K, Peng H, Li F, Yin F. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6:18116.
|
[98] |
Lee S H, Eom W, Shin H, Ambade R B, Bang J H, Kim H W, Han T H. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12(9):10434.
URL pmid: 32040289 |
[99] |
Wu M, He M, Hu Q K, Wu Q H, Sun G, Xie L L, Zhang Z Y, Zhu Z G, Zhou A G. ACS Sens., 2019, 4(10):2763.
URL pmid: 31564092 |
[100] |
Yang Z, Liu A, Wang C, Liu F, He J, Li S, Wang J, You R, Yan X, Sun P, Duan Y, Lu G. ACS Sens., 2019, 4:1261.
URL pmid: 30990023 |
[101] |
Zou S, Gao J, Liu L M, Lin Z D, Fu P, Wang S G, Chen Z. J. Alloy. Compd., 2020, 817:152785.
|
[102] |
Kim S J, Choi J, Maleski K, Hantanasirisakul K, Jung H T, Gogotsi Y, Ahn C W. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11(35):32320.
doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b12539 URL pmid: 31405272 |
[103] |
Hantanasirisakul K, Gogotsi Y. Adv. Mater., 2018, 30(52):1804779.
|
[104] |
Dovgolevsky E, Konvalina G, Tisch U, Haick H. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2010, 114(33):14042.
|
[105] |
Koh H J, Kim S J, Maleski K, Cho S Y, Kim Y J, Ahn C W, Gogotsi Y, Jung H T. ACS Sens., 2019, 4(5):1365.
doi: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00310 URL pmid: 31062965 |
[1] | 赵京龙, 沈文锋, 吕大伍, 尹嘉琦, 梁彤祥, 宋伟杰. 基于人体呼气检测应用的气体传感器[J]. 化学进展, 2023, 35(2): 302-317. |
[2] | 管可可, 雷文, 童钊明, 刘海鹏, 张海军. MXenes的制备、结构调控及电化学储能应用[J]. 化学进展, 2022, 34(3): 665-682. |
[3] | 康淳, 林延欣, 景远聚, 王新波. MXenes的制备及其在环境领域的应用[J]. 化学进展, 2022, 34(10): 2239-2253. |
[4] | 王玉冰, 陈杰, 延卫, 崔建文. 共轭微孔聚合物的制备与应用[J]. 化学进展, 2021, 33(5): 838-854. |
[5] | 朱继秀, 陈巧芬, 倪梯铜, 陈爱民, 邬建敏. 气敏新材料MXenes在呼出气体传感器中的应用[J]. 化学进展, 2021, 33(2): 232-242. |
[6] | 金士成, 闫爽. 金属氧化物室温气敏材料的结构调控及传感机理[J]. 化学进展, 2021, 33(12): 2348-2361. |
[7] | 李超, 乔瑶雨, 李禹红, 闻静, 何乃普, 黎白钰. MOFs/水凝胶复合材料的制备及其应用研究[J]. 化学进展, 2021, 33(11): 1964-1971. |
[8] | 赵文军, 秦疆洲, 尹志凡, 胡霞, 刘宝军. 新型2D MXenes 纳米材料在光催化领域的应用[J]. 化学进展, 2019, 31(12): 1729-1736. |
[9] | 王婷, 薛瑞, 魏玉丽, 王明玥, 郭昊, 杨武. 共价有机框架材料的发展与应用:气体存储、催化与化学传感[J]. 化学进展, 2018, 30(6): 753-764. |
[10] | 王振强, 杨明庆, 贺军辉, 杨巧文. 不同种类敏感膜修饰的QCM气体传感器研究现状[J]. 化学进展, 2015, 27(2/3): 251-266. |
[11] | 徐宇兴 谭强强 唐子龙 张中太 袁章福. WO3基气敏传感器*[J]. 化学进展, 2009, 21(12): 2734-2743. |
[12] | 文晓艳. 改性碳纳米管气体传感器*[J]. 化学进展, 2008, 20(0203): 260-264. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||