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化学进展 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (6): 713-726 DOI: 10.7536/PC191016 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述与评论 •

超低密度气凝胶的制备及应用

李健1, 张恩爽1, 刘圆圆1, 黄红岩1, 苏岳锋2, 李文静1,**()   

  1. 1. 航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所 北京 100074
    2. 北京理工大学材料科学与工程学院 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2019-10-22 修回日期:2019-12-29 出版日期:2020-06-05 发布日期:2020-04-13
  • 通讯作者: 李文静
  • 作者简介:
    ** Corresponding author e-mail:
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(21875022)
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Preparation of the Ultralow Density Aerogel and Its Application

Jian Li1, Enshuang Zhang1, Yuanyuan Liu1, Hongyan Huang1, Yuefeng Su2, Wenjing Li1,**()   

  1. 1. Aerospace Institute of Advanced Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
    2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2019-10-22 Revised:2019-12-29 Online:2020-06-05 Published:2020-04-13
  • Contact: Wenjing Li
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21875022)

超低密度气凝胶是一类具有超轻质特性的多孔固体材料,较常规气凝胶具有更高的孔隙率与更为多样化的表面特性,其独特的物理与化学性质使其作为新型纳米多孔材料在诸多新兴领域得到了重要应用。在制备过程中保留超低密度气凝胶高度发达的三维孔隙结构,以及在实际应用中发挥超低密度气凝胶独特的功能特性是气凝胶领域近年来的研究重点之一。本文按照超低密度气凝胶的主要类型综述了该材料制备技术的最新研究进展,探讨了其在空间探测、阻燃隔热、储能、吸附、催化以及传感领域的应用方式;通过分析目前研究中存在的主要问题,对未来的发展方向,如突破常压干燥制备技术、开展各类复合气凝胶或结构有序可控的超低密度气凝胶的制备、系统性地研究超轻质特性对气凝胶特定功能的影响规律等进行了展望。

关键词： 气凝胶, 超低密度, 高孔隙率, 多孔材料, 溶胶凝胶, 能量存储

Ultralow density aerogel is a kind of porous solid material with super lightweight property which has a higher porosity and more diversified surface properties than common aerogel. The unique physical and chemical characteristics make ultralow density aerogel a new nano-porous material to be applied in many new research fields. Recently, it is a research focus of the aerogel field to preserve the highly developed three dimensional pore structure in the fabrication process of the ultralow density aerogel, and make its unique characteristics to be functioned in practical applications. In this review, according to the main types of the ultralow density aerogel, the up to date research progress of its preparation technologies is introduced. Moreover, the application modes and functional characteristics of the ultralow density aerogel in the fields of space exploration, fire and heat resistantance, energy storage, adsorption, catalysis and sensing are discussed. By discussing the existing problems of the current research, perspectives of the ultralow density aerogel, such as breaking through the ambient drying method, carrying out the fabrication of composite aerogel or ultralow density aerogel with controlled structure, systematic studying the influence of the super lightweight property on specific functions are also presented.

Contents

1 Introduction
2 Ultralow density inorganic aerogel

2.1 Inorganic oxide aerogel

2.2 Inorganic and non-oxide aerogel

3 Ultralow density organic aerogel

3.1 Nanocellulose aerogel

3.2 Organic polymer aerogel

4 Ultralow density carbon aerogel

4.1 Carbon nanofiber aerogel

4.2 Carbon nanotube aerogel

4.3 Graphene aerogel

5 Applications of ultralow density aerogel

5.1 Capture of space particles

5.2 Fire and heat resistant material

5.3 Host for electrode material

5.4 Adsorbing material

5.5 Catalyst material

5.6 Sensing material

6 Conclusion and outlook
Key words: aerogel, ultralow density, high porosity, porous material, sol-gel, energy storage
()
图1 CNFAs制备过程示意图[7]
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of CNFAs[7]. Copyright 2018, American Association for the Advancement of Science
图2 (a)Au/Ag、(b)Pd/Ag、(c)Pt/Ag气凝胶的TEM图像以及(d)Au/Ag气凝胶的高倍TEM图像[32]
Fig. 2 TEM images of the (a) Au/Ag, (b) Pd/Ag, (c) Pt/Ag aerogels and (d) magnified TEM image of the Au/Ag aerogel[32]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society
图3 不同交联剂制备的PI气凝胶的结构/功能关系示意图[45]
Fig. 3 Structure-property relationships of PI aerogels with different cross-linkers[45]. Copyright 2017, Wiley
图4 (a)细胞状GA的制备过程示意图;(b)GA的全景SEM图;(c)、(d)紧密连接的具有多面体结构的孔隙;(e)褶皱的气凝胶薄壁[74]
Fig. 4 (a) The schematic illustration of the synthesis process of the cellular GA;(b) whole view SEM of the GA;(c) and(d)the closely linked pores with polyhedral morphology;(e) ultrathin and wrinkled aerogel wall[74]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature
图5 (a)超低密度SiO2气凝胶隔热板;(b)超低密度透明PI薄板;(c)基于低密度PI气凝胶的防寒服
Fig. 5 (a) The ultralow density SiO2 aerogel heat shield;(b) The ultralow density and transparent PI aerogel panel;(c) The cold protective jacket based on the low density PI aerogel
图6 CoO x /NG气凝胶的TEM图像[93]
Fig. 6 TEM image of CoO x /NG aerogel[93]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society
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摘要

超低密度气凝胶的制备及应用