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化学进展 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (5): 627-641 DOI: 10.7536/PC190917 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

大气颗粒物中棕色碳的化学组成、来源和生成机制

王玉珏1, 胡敏1,2,**(), 李晓1, 徐楠1   

  1. 1.北京大学 环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室 区域污染控制国际合作联合实验室 环境科学与工程学院 北京 100871
    2.北京大学 工程科学与新兴技术高精尖创新中心 北京 100871
  • 收稿日期:2019-09-11 修回日期:2019-12-04 出版日期:2020-05-15 发布日期:2020-02-20
  • 通讯作者: 胡敏
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(91844301); 国家自然科学基金项目(91544214); 大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目(DQGG0103); 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2019M650354)
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Chemical Composition, Sources and Formation Mechanisms of Particulate Brown Carbon in the Atmosphere

Yujue Wang1, Min Hu1,2,**(), Xiao Li1, Nan Xu1   

  1. 1.State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    2.Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Received:2019-09-11 Revised:2019-12-04 Online:2020-05-15 Published:2020-02-20
  • Contact: Min Hu
  • About author:
    ** e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(91844301); National Natural Science Foundation of China(91544214); National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control(DQGG0103); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M650354)

大气颗粒物中棕色碳(BrC)在近紫外波段具有强吸光性,并因其显著的气候效应被广泛关注。BrC组成、来源、演变和光学性质的不确定性是造成气候模型估算气溶胶辐射强迫不确定性的重要因素。本文综述了大气颗粒物中BrC的化学组成、来源和生成机制,聚焦分子水平上BrC组成、二次生成机制和吸光间的关联。大气颗粒物中BrC的主要类别包括有机溶剂(甲醇)提取的碳质组分、水溶性有机碳及类腐殖质; 分子水平上,硝基芳香烃和含氮杂环有机物是BrC的主要发色团。BrC的来源包括生物质等不完全燃烧一次排放和挥发性有机物氧化二次生成; 二次生成途径主要包括人为源芳香烃氧化生成硝基芳香烃等含氮组分、羰基化合物与铵/胺反应生成含氮杂环组分或低聚物。前体物和反应条件影响二次生成BrC的组成和吸光性质; BrC在大气传输过程中还会发生“光漂白”现象。在分子水平上识别和阐明BrC的发色团、二次生成机制及其演变过程是未来该领域的重点研究方向。

关键词： 棕色碳, 二次生成机制, 来源, 化学组成, 硝基芳香烃, 含氮杂环有机物

Particulate brown carbon(BrC) has strong wavelength dependence with absorption increasing sharply from visible to UV ranges and has attracted much attention due to its significant climate effects. The composition, sources, evolution and optical properties of BrC remain highly uncertain, which contributes significantly to the uncertainty in estimating aerosol radiation forcing by climate models. The chemical compositions, sources and formation pathways of particulate BrC in the atmosphere are summarized in this review, which focuses on the relationship between molecular-level compositions, secondary formation mechanisms and light absorption properties. Particulate BrC are classfied into several major compound categories, including methanol soluble organic carbon(MSOC), water soluble fractions WSOC(Water Soluble Organic Carbon) and HULIS-C(Carbon Component of HUmic-like Substances). Nitroaromatic compounds(NACs) and N-heterocyclic compounds are major BrC chromophores. The sources of BrC include primary emissions from inefficient combustion, especially biomass burning, and secondary formation via the oxidation of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in gas and particle phases. Secondary formation pathways include oxidation of aromatics and reactions between carbonyls and ammonia/amines. Oxidation of anthropogenic aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of NOx produces BrC dominated by nitrogen-containing organic compounds(e.g. NACs). Reactions between carbonyls and ammonia/amines generate BrC dominated by N-heterocyclic compounds and oligomers. Precursors and reaction conditions are important factors influencing the compositions and light absorption of secondary BrC. The chromophores would go through decomposition and BrC light absorption would change rapidly during transport in the atmosphere, which is usually named photobleaching. Molecular-level identification of BrC chromophores and further understanding on the secondary formation mechanisms and atmospheric evolution of BrC are required in future studies.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Measurements of BrC

3 Chemical composition of BrC

3.1 Major compound categories

3.2 Molecular compositions

4 Sources of BrC

4.1 Source apportionment

4.2 Biomass burning emissions

5 Secondary formation pathways of BrC

5.1 BrC from oxidation of anthropogenic aromatic precursors

5.2 BrC from reactions between carbonyls and ammonia/amines

5.3 Atmospheric aging of BrC

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: brown carbon(BrC), secondary formation mechanisms, source, chemical composition, nitroaromatic compounds(NACs), N-heterocyclic compounds
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图1 碳质气溶胶的分类和分子组成[4]
Fig. 1 Classification and molecular composition of carbonaceous aerosol components[4]
图2 不同环境大气类腐殖质中碳质组分(HULIS-C)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的浓度和占比[46, 48~76]。 亚洲地区浓度对应右侧坐标, 其他地区浓度对应左侧坐标。 灰色、绿色和蓝色背景分别表示城市站点、乡村或郊区站点、清洁站点(包括高山/高原站点、海洋站点和北极站点)。 站点名称后括号中sp、su、a、w和y分别表示春、夏、秋、冬和全年观测结果; *号标出的为本论文研究结果
Fig. 2 The observed concentrations of carbon component of HUmic-LIke Substances(HULIS-C), water soluble organic carbon(WSOC) and their ratios in different atmospheric environments[46, 48~76].The concentrations in Asia correspond to the right axis and others correspond to the left axis. Gray, green and blue backgrounds demote the urban site, rural/suburban site and clean site, respectively. The clean site include mountain/highland site, marine and Arctic sites. The markers “sp”, “su”, “a”, “w” and “y” in parentheses represent the studies conducted in spring, summer, autumn, winter or yearly round, respectively. The site names marked by “*” are reported in this study
表1 颗粒态棕色碳中的吸光性含氮有机物
Table 1 List of nitrogen-containing organic compounds contributing to the light absorption by particulate BrC
Formula Sources ref Formula Sources ref
Oxidation of
aromatic VOCs		 Biomass burning MG+AS a Biomass burning MG+AS a
C5H4N2O5 √ 21 C13H13NO3 √ 84
C6H3N3O7 √ 21 C13H13NO4 √ 86
C6H4N2O5 √ 21 C15H23N3O2 √ 91
C6H4N2O6 √ 21, 92 C16H9NO3 √ 84
C6H5NO2 √ 21 C17H11N √ 86
C6H5NO3 √ √ 17, 21, 85, 87, 90, 92 C18H27NO5 √ 84
C6H5NO4 √ √ 17, 84, 85, 87, 90, 92 C21H11N √ 84, 86
C6H5NO5 √ √ 84~86, 92 C21H13N √ 84
C6H6N2O6 √ 21 C22H34N2O6 √ 84
C7H4N2O6 √ 21 C23H13N √ 84
C7H4N2O7 √ 21 C23H31NO4 √ 84
C7H5NO6 √ 21 C27H39NO2 √ 84
C7H6N2O6 √ 21, 92 C48H66N4O4 √ 84
C7H7NO2 √ 21 C6H7NO2 √ 88
C7H7NO3 √ √ 17, 21, 85, 87, 90~92 C6H8N2 √ 88
C7H7NO4 √ √ 17, 21, 84~87, 90~92 C6H8N2O √ 88
C7H7NO5 √ √ 21, 84, 85, 87, 92 C6H9NO3 √ 88
C7H8N2O7 √ 21 C7H10N2O √ 88
C7H9NO5 √ 21 C8H10N2O √ 88
C8H7NO4 √ √ 17, 84, 86, 92 C8H11NO √ 88
C8H8N2O5 √ 21 C8H11NO3 √ 88
C8H9NO4 √ √ 85~87, 92 C8H12N2O √ 88
C8H9NO5 √ √ 17, 84~87, 92 C8H7NO2 √ 88
C8H13NO8 √ 21 C9H11N3 √ 88
C9H9NO4 √ √ 17, 85, 87, 92 C9H11N3O √ 88
C10H7NO4 √ 92 C9H11NO3 √ 88
C5H4N2O3 √ 85 C9H12N2O √ 88
C5H5NO4 √ 85 C9H9NO3 √ 88
C6H4N2O5 √ 85, 90 C10H11NO2 √ 88
C6H6N2O3 √ 85 C10H13N3O √ 88
C7H5NO5 √ 85, 91, 92 C10H14N2O4 √ 88
C7H6N2O5 √ 85 C11H14N2O3 √ 88
C8H5NO4 √ 85 C11H14N2O4 √ 88
C8H7NO3 √ 84, 87 C11H15NO6 √ 88
C8H8N2O5 √ 85 C11H17N3O3 √ 88
C8H9NO3 √ 85, 91 C12H14N2O3 √ 88
C9H11NO4 √ √ 85, 86, 88 C12H14N2O4 √ 88
C9H7NO3 √ 84 C12H15N3O3 √ 88
C9H7NO4 √ 84, 85 C12H16N2O4 √ 88
C9H9NO5 √ 85 C12H16N2O5 √ 88
C10H10N2O7 √ 85 C13H16N2O2 √ 88
C10H11NO4 √ 85 C13H17N3O3 √ 88
C10H11NO5 √ 85, 86 C13H18N2O6 √ 88
C10H13NO4 √ 86 C14H16N2O2 √ 88
C10H7NO3 √ 84~86, 92 C14H17N3O3 √ 88
C10H7NO5 √ 85 C15H17N3O3 √ 88
C10H8N2O3 √ 85 C15H19NO6 √ 88
C10H9NO5 √ 85 C15H21N3O6 √ 88
C11H11NO4 √ 85 C15H21NO7 √ 88
C11H13NO4 √ 86 C17H19NO5 √ 88
C11H13NO5 √ 86 C17H20N2O6 √ 88
C11H9NO3 √ 84 C17H20N2O7 √ 88
C12H11NO3 √ 84 C18H23N3O5 √ 88
图3 硝基芳香烃在气相和颗粒相中的二次生成途径[24, 25, 111~114]
Fig. 3 Secondary formation pathways of nitroaromatic compounds in gas and particle phases[24, 25, 111~114]
图4 乙二醛和硫酸铵反应生成咪唑及其他氮杂环化合物的反应途径[128,129,130]
Fig. 4 Proposed reaction pathways for the formation of imidazole and other N-heterocyclic compounds in the glyoxal/ammonium sulfate system[128,129,130]
图5 棕色碳研究框架
Fig. 5 The research framework of brown carbon
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