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化学进展 2009, Vol. 21 Issue (0203): 474-482 前一篇   后一篇

• 环境化学专辑 •

砷的代谢机制、毒性和生物监测

陈保卫1; 那仁满都拉1; 吕美玲2; X. Chris Le1,2*   

  1. (1.Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology , Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , T6G2G3 , Canada ; 2. 环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室中国科学院生态环境研究中心　北京100085)
  • 收稿日期:2009-01-15 出版日期:2009-03-24 发布日期:2009-04-03
  • 通讯作者: X. Chris Le E-mail:xc.le@ualberta.ca
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Metabolism, Toxicity, and Biomonitoring of Arsenic Species

Chen Baowei1; Naramandura Hua1; LüMeiling2; X. Chris Le1,2*   

  1. (1.Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology , Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , T6G2G3 , Canada ; 2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco2Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China)
  • Received:2009-01-15 Online:2009-03-24 Published:2009-04-03
  • Contact: X. Chris Le E-mail:xc.le@ualberta.ca

砷化合物是倍受关注的一类污染物，特别是饮用水中的砷污染引发了全球性的健康问题。本文综述了近来人们对砷的代谢机制、毒性和生物监测的研究进展。砷在生物体内的代谢过程十分复杂，在氧化还原酶和甲基转移酶的参与下，产生一系列的代谢产物和中间产物。其中，砷的原始摄入形态、代谢产物及中间产物由于不同的物理化学性质，体现了不同的毒性。人类和不同的动物由于不同的砷代谢机理和甲基化能力，也表现了对砷毒性抵抗能力的差异。在生物体内，一些砷化合物与生物蛋白相互作用，影响它们的存在形式、分布和传输，是砷的生物代谢和毒理研究中不可或缺的内容。生物监测是一种直接有效的污染物健康风险评估方法。在尿液、血液、唾液、头发和指甲中砷化合物直接反映了暴露主体的砷暴露程度，这5种生物介质作为砷暴露的生物标志物各有优缺点。在砷的研究中，代谢机制和毒性的研究可以帮助选择合适的生物监测方法，做出合理准确的健康风险评估。生物监测也可促进对砷的代谢机制和毒性的理解，推断可能的代谢途径，定量毒性剂量效应，两者相互依赖相互促进。

关键词： 砷形态, 生物标志物, 代谢, 生物甲基化, 活性氯, 蛋白质相互作用, 环境致癌, 暴露评估, 环境毒理学

Arsenic is the most common and hazardous environmental contaminant, affecting millions of people around the world. The mechanisms of action responsible for the wide range of chronic health effects are complicated and remain to be understood. This review article describes several recent studies on metabolism, toxicity, and biomonitoring of arsenic species. Biomethylation is the most common process involved in the metabolism of arsenicals, producing mono-, di-, and tri-methyl arsenic species. Ability to biomethylate arsenic is related to the expression of methyltransferases, e.g., As(III)-S-adenyosylmethionine methyltransferase (AS3MT). Many of the arsenic metabolites have been detected in body fluids, tissues, and cell culture experiments. Much recent research has focused on the understanding of metabolism and toxicity of the various arsenic species, aiming to delineate the biological processes and the particular arsenic species that are responsible for the observed health effects. Detailed studies on binding of arsenic to proteins help gain insight into arsenic retention and its effects on enzyme inhibition and protein expression. Biomonitoring of arsenic species in urine, blood, saliva, nail, and hair is useful for assessing overall exposure and for further improving understanding of tissue distribution, metabolism, and toxicity of arsenic species.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Metabolism of arsenicals
3 Cellular toxicity and oxidative damage
4 Arsenic interaction with proteins
5 Biomonitoring to assess arsenic exposure
5.1 Arsenic in human blood
5.2 Arsenic in urine
5.3 Arsenic in hair and nail
5.4 Arsenic in saliva
6 Perspectives

Key words: arsenic speciation, biomarkers, metabolism, biomethylation, reactive oxygen species, protein interaction, environmental carcinogenesis, exposure assessment, environmental toxicology

中图分类号: 

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摘要

砷的代谢机制、毒性和生物监测