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化学进展 2009, Vol. 21 Issue (0203): 350-358 前一篇   后一篇

• 环境化学专辑 •

生态风险评价理论和方法*

雷炳莉; 黄圣彪; 王子健**   

  1. (中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境水质学国家重点实验室　北京100085)
  • 收稿日期:2008-10-30 出版日期:2009-03-24 发布日期:2009-04-03
  • 通讯作者: 王子健 E-mail:wangzj@rcees.ac.cn
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Theories and Methods of Ecological Risk Assessment

Lei Bingli; Huang Shengbiao; Wang Zijian**   

  1. (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China)
  • Received:2008-10-30 Online:2009-03-24 Published:2009-04-03
  • Contact: Wang Zijian E-mail:wangzj@rcees.ac.cn

生态风险评价从最初单物种毒性测试数据为基础、从急性毒性数据外推获得慢性毒性数据的简单模型方法，逐步过渡到以多物种测试为基础和通过微、中宇宙生态系统模拟法获取数据、建立模型，以及以生态毒理模型为基础的生态风险评价方法。本文讨论生态风险评价方法的发展过程及不同阶段存在的问题，阐述以个体、种群和生态系统为基础的生态风险评价方法的特点和相互之间的区别，指出生态风险评价正在从个体走向群落的发展趋势。本文同时对风险表征方法、数据选择和常用统计方法作了评述，并对生态风险评价的发展趋势进行了预测。

关键词： 生态风险评价, 生态风险评价方法, 风险表征

Ecological risk assessment is developed from single-species toxicity test to multi-species toxicity test, then to ecological risk models. Accordingly, chronic toxicity data is obtained from different assessment methods containing a simple extrapolation model based on single-species toxicity test, microcosm or mesocosm based on multi-species test, and ecological risk models based on population or ecosystem. This paper discusses the development and characteristics of ecological risk assessment methods and existing problems at different stages. It points out that the main development treads of the ecological risk assessment is from the individual to the community. At the same time, risk characteristic method, data selection and statistical method selection in ecological risk assessment are introduced. The perspectives of ecological risk assessment are given.

Contents
1 The development process of ecological risk assessment
2 The methodology progress of ecological risk assessment
2.1 Ecological risk assessment based on the single-species toxicity test
2.2 Ecological risk assessment based on the multi-species toxicity test (microcosm or mesocosm)
2.3 Ecological risk assessment based on the population or ecosystem (ecological models)
3 Risk characterization methods
3.1 Risk quotients (RQ)
3.2 Probabilistic ecological risk assessment (PERA)
3.3 Multi-level ecological risk assessment methods
4 The data and statistical method selection in probabilistic models
4.1 The data selection
4.2 The statistical method selection
5 The perspectives of ecological risk assessment

Key words: ecological risk assessment, ecological risk assessment methods, risk characterization

中图分类号: 

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摘要

生态风险评价理论和方法*