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化学进展 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (10): 1438-1449 DOI: 10.7536/PC230302 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

hgcA/B基因介导的汞甲基化分子机制及其应用

褚博伟1,2,3, 郭瑛瑛1,2,*(), 胡立刚1,3, 刘艳伟1,2, 阴永光1,2,3, 蔡勇4   

  1. 1 中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境纳米技术与健康效应实验室 北京 100085
    2 中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室 北京 100085
    3 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
    4 美国佛罗里达国际大学化学与生物化学系 迈阿密 33199
  • 收稿日期:2023-03-07 修回日期:2023-05-06 出版日期:2023-10-24 发布日期:2023-05-30
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(21906168); 中国科学院前沿科学重点研究项目(QYZDB-SSW-DQC018)
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Mechanism of hgcA/B Mediated Mercury Methylation and Application as Biomarkers

Bowei Chu1,2,3, Yingying Guo1,2,*(), Ligang Hu1,3, Yanwei Liu1,2, Yongguang Yin1,2,3, Yong Cai4   

  1. 1 Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100085, China
    2 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100085, China
    3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049, China
    4 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami 33199, United States
  • Received:2023-03-07 Revised:2023-05-06 Online:2023-10-24 Published:2023-05-30
  • Contact: *e-mail: yyguo@rcees.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21906168); Key Projects for Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDB-SSW-DQC018)

作为一种强神经毒性物质,环境中的甲基汞(MeHg)主要由产甲烷菌、硫酸盐还原菌、铁还原菌等厌氧微生物产生,可通过水生食物链积累并作用于人体。汞甲基化基因hgcA/B明确以后,不仅扩大了可探知的汞甲基化微生物范围,也为汞甲基化生物分子机制的探索提供了新的方向。本文1) 概述了hgcA/B及其表达产物HgcA、HgcB的预测结构和生物体内的汞甲基化分子机制,2) 讨论了基于hgcA/B的环境汞甲基化研究进展,3) 总结了现有hgcA/B研究存在的不足,4) 对汞甲基化基因领域的研究方向进行了展望。

关键词： 甲基汞, 汞甲基化基因, 生物汞甲基化, 甲基钴胺素, hgcA

As a potent neurotoxin, methylmercury (MeHg) in the environment is primarily synthesized by anaerobic microorganisms such as methanogens, sulfate-reducing bacteria, and iron-reducing bacteria, which can bioaccumulate through aquatic trophic levels and affect human health. The identification of mercury methylation gene pair, i.e., hgcA and hgcB, not only broadens our understanding of potential mercury methylators but also opens up new avenues for investigating the molecular mechanism of biological mercury methylation. In this review, we outline the predicted structures of hgcA and hgcB genes and their expressed proteins HgcA and HgcB as well as their molecular role in mediating mercury methylation, discuss recent advances in environmental mercury methylation studies using hgcA and hgcB as biomarkers, summarize current limitations and challenges in hgcA and hgcB research, and prospect the research direction of mercury methylation gene field.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Discovery of mercury methylation gene hgcA/hgcB and its functional validation

3 Predicted structures of HgcA and HgcB

4 Biological mercury methylation processes involving HgcAB

5 Progress of hgcA/B-based environmental mercury methylation study

5.1 hgcA and hgcB can be used to identify new mercury methylation organisms and processes

5.2 Methylation of mercury in other media

5.3 The molecular biology techniques commonly used in the study of mercury methylation mediated by hgcA/B

5.4 The application of hgcA/B in ecological risk assessment

6 Limitations of current mercury methylation gene research

6.1 Lack of detailed molecular structures of HgcA and HgcB

6.2 Identification of HgcA and HgcB-interacting proteins

6.3 The relationship between the mercury methylation process mediated by hgcA/B and other metabolic pathways is not clear

7 Conclusion and perspectives

Key words: methylmercury, mercury methylation gene pair, biological mercury methylation, methylcobalamin, hgcA
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图1 HgcA、HgcB和HgcAB复合体的预测结构。(a)HgcAB复合体预测结构[31];(b)Marinimicrobia编码的HgcA和HgcB蛋白预测结构[37];(c)AlphaFold软件预测的HgcA和HgcB蛋白结构[29,30]。
Fig. 1 Predicted structures of HgcA, HgcB, and HgcAB complex. (a) predicted structure of HgcAB complex [31]; (b) predicted structure of HgcA and HgcB protein encoded by Marinimicrobia [37]; (c) predicted structure of HgcA and HgcB protein by AlphaFold [29,30]. Adapted with permission from Ref. [31,37] under License CC BY 4.0
图2 HgcA、HgcB蛋白在汞甲基化过程中负责甲基和电子转移 [23,43]
Fig. 2 The function of HgcA and HgcB in the transfer of methyl group and electron in mercury methylation process[23,43]
表1 hgcA常用引物及适用范围
Table 1 Common primers and scope of application of hgcA
Primer Primer sequences 5'-3' Scope of application ref
hgcA_261F CGGCATCAAYGTCTGGTGYGC Broad-range hgcA/B primer 104
hgcA_912R GGTGTAGGGGGTGCAGCCSGTRWARKT 105
ORNL-HgcAB-uni-F AAYGTCTGGTGYGCNGCVGG 106
ORNL-HgcAB-uni-R CABGCNCCRCAYTCCATRCA
ORNL-HgcAB-uni-F AAYGTCTGGTGYGCNGCVGG
ORNL-HgcAB-uni-32R CAGGCNCCGCAYTCSATRCA
ORNL-Delta-HgcA-F GCCAACTACAAGMTGASCTWC Primers for Deltaproteobacteria hgcA 105
ORNL-Delta-HgcA-R CCSGCNGCRCACCAGACRTT Primers for methanogenic Archaea hgcA
ORNL-Archaea-HgcA-F AAYTAYWCNCTSAGYTTYGAYGC Primers for Firmicutes hgcA
ORNL-Archaea-HgcA-R TCDGTCCCRAABGTSCCYTT
ORNL-SRB-HgcA-F TGGDCCGGTDARAGCWAARGATA
ORNL-SRB-HgcA-R AAAAGAGHAYBCCAAAAATCA
Nitro_SP14_1F GGGGACTAATGTCTGGTGTG Primers for Nitrospina hgcA 35
Nitro_SP14_2F GGRACYAATGTCTGGTGTG
Nitro_SP14_1R AACAGGGTCTGTTATTGACGT
图3 hgcA/B介导的生物汞甲基化中的甲基转移和Hg(Ⅱ)结合过程
Fig. 3 Methyl transfer and Hg (Ⅱ) binding process in biogenic mercury methylation mediated by hgcA/B
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