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化学进展 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (8): 1214-1228 DOI: 10.7536/PC230109 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

稀土基中子和伽马复合屏蔽材料

鲁义东1,2, 霍志鹏1,*(), 钟国强1, 张宏1, 胡立群1   

  1. 1 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 合肥 230031
    2 中国科学技术大学 合肥 230026
  • 收稿日期:2023-01-28 修回日期:2023-06-10 出版日期:2023-08-24 发布日期:2023-07-10
  • 作者简介:

    霍志鹏 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院副研究员,硕士生导师。2004年本科毕业于北京化工大学化学工程系; 2009年7月获中国科学院研究生院材料物理与化学博士学位。目前主要从事辐射防护及辐射防护材料研究,以第一/通讯作者身份在Nucl. Mater. Energy、J. Mater. Chem. A、Sci. China Mater.、Electrochim. Acta、J. Power Sources等期刊发表SCI论文30余篇。

  • 基金资助:
    聚变堆主机关键系统综合研究设施(CRAFT)(2018-000052-73-01-001228); 能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室)项目(21KZL401); 能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室)项目(21KHH105); 能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室)项目(21KZS205)
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Rare Earth Based Neutron and Gamma Composite Shielding Materials

Yidong Lu1,2, Zhipeng Huo1(), Guoqiang Zhong1, Hong Zhang1, Liqun Hu1   

  1. 1 Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hefei 230031, China
    2 University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • Received:2023-01-28 Revised:2023-06-10 Online:2023-08-24 Published:2023-07-10
  • Contact: *e-mail : zhipeng.huo@ipp.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology Program of China(2018-000052-73-01-001228); Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(21KZL401); Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(21KHH105); Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(21KZS205)

随着航空航天、核技术等领域的发展和核能的广泛利用,对核辐射屏蔽材料的性能也提出更高的要求。核反应中产生的中子、伽马射线的穿透能力较强,危害较大,所以对于中子、伽马辐射屏蔽材料的研究成为辐射防护研究的重点。稀土元素具有较高的中子吸收截面和高原子序数,逐渐被科研人员重视并应用于中子、伽马辐射屏蔽材料的研发中。本文简述了稀土材料在辐射屏蔽材料领域的应用,介绍了稀土元素与中子和伽马射线的作用原理;根据基体材料的类别将稀土基中子和伽马辐射屏蔽材料分为稀土金属基、稀土聚合物基、稀土玻璃基三类,分别介绍了三类稀土基复合屏蔽材料的研究进展,并分析了稀土材料用于中子、伽马辐射屏蔽存在的问题与展望。

关键词： 稀土, 辐射屏蔽, 中子, 伽马

With the development of aerospace, nuclear technology and the wide use of nuclear energy, the requirement for the performance of nuclear radiation shielding materials have gradually increased. Since the high energy and strong penetrating ability of neutrons and gamma rays produced by nuclear reactions, they are of great harm to human beings and the environment. Therefore, the research on neutron and gamma radiation shielding materials has become a hot research topic of radiation protection. Rare earth elements have been gradually attracted considerable academic attention, and applied to research and development of neutron and gamma radiation shielding materials owing to their high neutron absorption cross section and high atomic numbers. This paper briefly introduces the application of rare earth materials in radiation shielding materials, and introduces the interaction mechanisms of rare earth elements with neutrons and gamma rays. According to the different types of substrate materials, the rare earth based neutron and gamma composite shielding materials can be divided into three categories: rare earth metal based, rare earth polymer based and rare earth glass based materials. The research progress of these three kinds of rare earth based radiation shielding materials is introduced respectively, and the possible problems and prospects of rare earth materials for neutron and gamma shielding radiation are analyzed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Interaction of neutron and gamma with rare earth elements

2.1 Interaction of neutron with rare earth elements

2.2 Interaction of γ-ray with rare earth elements

3 Research progress of rare earth composite shielding materials

3.1 Rare earth metal based composite shielding materials

3.2 Rare earth polymer based composite shielding materials

3.3 Rare earth glass based composite shielding materials

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: rare earth, radiation shielding, neutron, gamma
()
图1 Gd、Sm、Eu、B的中子总截面
Fig.1 The neutron total cross-section of Gd, Eu, Sm, B
表1 图1中几种元素的热中子总截面
Table 1 Thermal neutron total cross-section of elements obtained from Fig.1
Element Thermal neutron total cross-section (barn)
B 765
Gd 48869
Sm 5690
Eu 4553
图2 三种相互作用随能量和原子序数的变化关系[28]
Fig.2 The relationship of three interactions with energy and atomic number[28]
图3 (a)光电效应示意图;(b)康普顿效应示意图;(c)电子对效应示意图[29]
Fig.3 The schematic of (a) photoelectric, (b) compton scattering and (c) electron pair effect[29]
图4 屏蔽材料宏观中子吸收截面与强塑积的关系[41????~46]
Fig.4 Relationship between macroscopic neutron absorption cross section and the product of tensile strength and elongation of shielding materials[41????~46]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier
表2 316L合金成分表[50]
Table 2 Chemical composition of 316L alloy[50]
Element Fe Cr Ni Mo Si O C
wt% 69.63 16.7 11.28 1.7 0.5 0.17 0.02
表3 典型稀土金属基复合屏蔽材料及其性能参数a)
Table 3 Typical metal-based rare earth composite shielding materials and their performance parametersa)
Chemical Composition Mechanical Property Shielding Field Shielding Performance ref
10 wt% Gd2O3/6061Al σb: 240; Neutron Sn: 99.64 (THK: 10, En: 0.03232) 52
(1 vol% Gd + 15 vol% B4C)/6061 Al σb: 380 ± 11;
σs: 310 ± 8; E: 105 ± 2;
δ: 5.0 ± 0.3		 Neutron Sn: 99.9 (THK: 3, En: 0.025); 41
41
41
20 wt% Gd-Fe Hν: 588.8 ± 37.9 Neutron Sn: 99 (THK: 0.15, En: 0.0253) 49
2.5 wt% Gd2O3/316L Hν: 270; σs: 247;
σuts: 345; δ: 5.5		 Neutron Sn: 99 (THK: 3, En: 0.025) 65
65
25 wt% Gd2O3/25 wt% W/Al Hν: 140; σbc: 316 Neutron Σt: 125 (En: 0.0253); Sn: 99.9 (THK: 2.5, En: 0.1) 47
47
7.87 wt% Gd2O3/316L alloy / Neutron Sn: 90 (THK: 0.2, En: 0.0253) 50
Gd2O3@W/Al σs: 310 Neutron Sn : 99 (THK: 3, En: 0.0253) 51
图5 Sm2O3聚乙烯复合屏蔽材料的热中子、伽马线性衰减系数[67]
Fig.5 Thermal neutron and gamma linear attenuation coefficients of Sm2O3 polyethylene composite shielding materials[67]
图6 柔性辐射屏蔽材料(a)WO3/Gd2O3/RTV和(b)WO3/Gd2O3/CTS/RTV[13]
Fig.6 Flexible radiation shielding materials (a) WO3/Gd2O3/RTV, (b) WO3/Gd2O3/CTS/RTV[13]
表4 典型的稀土聚合物基复合屏蔽材料及其性能参数a)
Table 4 Typical polymer-based rare earth shielding materials and their performance parameters a)
Chemical composition Mechanical property Shielding field Shielding performance ref
11 wt% h-BN/3 wt%
Gd2O3/HDPE		 σb : 33 ; σk: 330 Neutron Σ: 0.3804 ± 0.0112; μ/ρ: 0.1123 ± 0.035;
Sn: 67% (THK: 6, En: 4.5 MeV)		 64
25 wt% Sm2O3/UHMWPE σb: 24.9±0.6 ; σk: 156.8 ± 20.9; HS: 68 ± 1 γ-ray HVL = 6.7214 (Eγ: 0.712 MeV); μ/ρ: 0.0845 (Eγ: 0.712 MeV) 67
Carbon-fiber/Sm2O3/PI σb: 200; E: 35 γ-ray Sn: 42.4% (THK: 5, Eγ: 0.662 MeV) 81
9.7 wt% nano-Gd2O3/Epoxy σf: 140; σm : 4.2 γ-ray μ/ρ: 0.0826 (356 MeV) 72
11 wt% h-BN/3 wt%
Gd2O3/PI		 σb : 73 ± 1; δ: 13 Neutron and γ-ray Σ: 0.4052; Sn: 90% (THK: 3, En: 4.5 MeV) 82
15 wt% Sm2O3-APTES/
AFG-90H		 σb: 28.645 ; σk : 5300 ; δ: 6.8;
HS: 83		 Neutron Sn: 78%
(THK: 0.2, En: 0.0253 eV)		 69
10 wt% Gd2O3/ 20 wt%
B4C/70 wt% HDPE		 σk: 1297.9; σb: 19.6; δ: 7.9 Neutron and γ-ray Sn: 90% (THK: 9.1, En: 2.45 MeV)
Sγ: 70% (THK: 13.7, Eγ: 0.661 MeV)		 66
14 vol% Er2O3/Epoxy — γ-ray μ/ρ: 0.073 (Eγ: 0.662 MeV) 68
图7 Al(0.1-x)Bi1.8B0.6O3Y2x玻璃样品[90]
Fig.7 Al(0.1-x)Bi1.8B0.6O3Y2x glass samples[90]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
图8 (a)Gd 17.5玻璃对不同能量伽马射线屏蔽参数的理论值与实验值;(b)WGB玻璃在0.662 MeV伽马光子能量辐照条件下的屏蔽参数;(c)在0.662 MeV伽马光子能量辐照条件下的WGB玻璃和标准屏蔽材料的半值层[97]
Fig.8 (a) Theoretical and experimental values of shielding parameters of Gd 17.5 glass at different γ-ray energy; (b) shielding parameters of WGB glass at 0.662 MeV photon energy; (c) half value layer of WGB glass and standard shielding materials at 0.662 MeV photon energy[97]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier
图9 (a)TBLC玻璃样品和(b)TBLC玻璃的透射光谱[103]
Fig.9 (a) TBLC glass samples, (b) transmittance spectra of TBLC glass[103]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier
图10 (a)样品1的透射光谱图和(b)样品2的透射光谱图[109]
Fig.10 (a) Transmission spectrum of sample 1, (b) transmission spectrum of sample 2[109]
表5 典型稀土基玻璃屏蔽材料及其性能参数a)
Table 5 Typical glass-based rare earth shielding materials and their performance parameters a)
Glass Sample Physical property Shielding field Shielding performance ref
S1 ρ: 4.810 γ-ray μ/ρ: 0.0624 (Eγ: 1), HVL: 2.31 (Eγ: 1) 111
111
S2 ρ: 2.46 ; Hν : 3.37 γ-ray HVL: 2.45 (Eγ: 0.356), μ/ρ: 0.1 (Eγ: 0.356) 91
91
S3 σa : 84.85 ; σb : 64.87 ; σc : 33.1; ρ: 6.260 γ-ray Sγ: 99 (THK: 3, Eγ: 0.284); μ/ρ: 0.0996 (Eγ: 0.662), HVL: 1.18 (Eγ: 0.662) 112
112
112
S4 ρ: 3.77; Vm: 29.468 γ-ray HVL: 6 (Eγ: 10) 94
S5 ρ: 6.259; Vm: 51.6 γ-ray HVL: 3 (Eγ: 3) 113
S6 ρ: 3.26 γ-ray HVL: 6.756 (Eγ: 10) 96
S7 ρ: 5.846 γ-ray HVL: 2.1 (Eγ: 1); μ/ρ: 0.054 (Eγ: 1.173) 101
101
S8 ρ: 2.84 γ-ray HVL: 1.319 (Eγ: 0.15); μ/ρ: 1.633 (Eγ: 0.05); μ: 4.12084 (Eγ: 0.05) 114
114
114
S9 ρ: 6.09; Vm: 51.42 γ-ray μ/ρ: 0.2057 (Eγ: 0.356);
HVL: 0.552 (Eγ: 0.356)		 90
90
S10 ρ: 6.21 Neutron and γ-ray μ/ρ: 0.215 (Eγ: 0.356)
ΣR: 0.13992		 92
92
S11 ρ: 4.57 Neutron and γ-ray μ/ρ: 0.0547 ± 0.00212 (Eγ: 0.662)
HVL: 2.59 ± 0.052 (Eγ: 0.662)
ΣR: 0.032		 95
95
95
S12 ρ: 5.48; Vm: 37.6 γ-ray μ/ρ: 0.090 (Eγ: 0.662)
HVL: 1.412 (Eγ: 0.662)		 97
97
S13 ρ: 3.41; Vm: 45.42 γ-ray μ/ρ: 0.056 (Eγ: 1.173)
HVL: 3.62 (Eγ: 1.173)		 109
109
S14 ρ: 4.1012 ± 0.0001;
Vm: 26.3553 ± 0.006		 γ-ray μ/ρ: 0.08 (Eγ: 0.6)
μ: 0.3281 (Eγ: 0.6)		 103
103
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摘要

稀土基中子和伽马复合屏蔽材料