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化学进展 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (7): 1040-1052 DOI: 10.7536/PC221126 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

六氯丁二烯的排放源及环境污染特征

赵晨妍1,2,3, 孙宇翔1,2,3, 杨莉莉1,3, 郑明辉1,2,3, 刘书廷1,3, 刘国瑞1,2,3,*()   

  1. 1 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室 北京 100085
    2 国科大杭州高等研究院 环境学院 杭州 310024
    3 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院 北京 100049
  • 收稿日期:2022-11-28 修回日期:2023-03-17 出版日期:2023-07-24 发布日期:2023-03-30
  • 作者简介:

    刘国瑞 中科院生态环境研究中心研究员,博士生导师,国科大杭州高等研究院环境学院教授。中科院创新交叉团队负责人,研究方向为持久性有机污染物和持久性自由基的环境行为和污染特征。在Nat. Commun., Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., Environ. Sci. Technol.和Trends Anal. Chem.等发表论文160余篇,撰写中英文专著5部。担任Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Sustainable Horizons和Emerging Contaminants副主编,担任Trends in Analytical Chemistry客座编辑。获2019国家科技进步二等奖和2019年生态环境部环保科技一等奖,获第13届国际PTS大会青年科学家奖。

  • 基金资助:
    第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019QZKK0605); 国家自然科学基金(92143201); 国家自然科学基金(22076201); 中国科学院创新交叉团队项目(JCTD-2019-03)
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Source and Environmental Characteristics of Hexachlorobutadiene

Chenyan Zhao1,2,3, Yuxiang Sun1,2,3, Lili Yang1,3, Minghui Zheng1,2,3, Shuting Liu1,3, Guorui Liu1,2,3()   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100085,China
    2 School of Environment,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study,UCAS,Hangzhou 310024,China
    3 College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
  • Received:2022-11-28 Revised:2023-03-17 Online:2023-07-24 Published:2023-03-30
  • Contact: * e-mail: grliu@rcees.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0605); National Natural Science Foundation of China(92143201); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22076201); CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team(JCTD-2019-03)

六氯丁二烯是2015年列入《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》进行管控的新持久性有机污染物(POPs)。六氯丁二烯在环境中难降解、可长距离迁移、具有生物富集性,对生物和人类健康具有潜在危害。目前对六氯丁二烯排放源的认识还非常缺乏,对其环境污染特征的研究还不够系统,针对六氯丁二烯的控制技术和策略有待开发。本文总结了六氯丁二烯的环境和生物赋存水平,梳理了六氯丁二烯的管控过程、潜在排放源及排放量,并讨论了六氯丁二烯的生成机理、自然环境中的降解过程、以及相关的减排策略和控制技术。本文可为控制六氯丁二烯的源排放、减少环境污染水平和降低人体暴露提供参考。

关键词： 六氯丁二烯, 斯德哥尔摩公约, 持久性有机污染物, 污染特征

Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is a new persistent organic pollutant (POPs) added into the Stockholm Convention on POPs since 2015. HCBD has attracted worldwide attention due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential for long-range transport, with potential adverse effects on humans and biota. However, the knowledge about the source, environmental characteristics, control techniques and strategies are still very lacking. The levels of HCBD in environmental and biological samples are summarized and analyzed in this review. The control process, potential emission sources and emission amount of HCBD are reviewed. The formation mechanism of hexachlorobutadiene, the degradation process in natural environment, and the related emission reduction strategies and control technologies are discussed. This paper can provide important reference for controlling the emission of HCBD, reducing their environmental level, and reducing human exposure.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Environmental occurrence of HCBD

2.1 Atmosphere

2.2 Water

2.3 Soil

2.4 Organisms

3 Emission sources in China

3.1 Chemical production source

3.2 Waste incineration and landfill sources

4 Natural degradation

5 Control measures of HCBD at home and abroad

6 Corelation and synergistic emission reduction of HCBD and other POPs

6.1 Synergistic emission reduction

6.2 Emission reduction measures

7 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: hexachlorobutadiene, stockholm convention, persistent organic pollutants, pollution characteristics
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表1 HCBD的基本理化性质[1]
Table 1 The main physical and chemical properties of HCBD
English Name hexachlorobutadiene
CAS number 87-68-3
Physical state Liquid
Boiling Point 215℃
Melting Point -21℃
Density 1.68 g·cm-3 (20℃)
Vapor pressure 20 Pa (20℃)
Water solubility 3.2 mg·L-1 (25℃)
Henry's law constant 1044 Pa·m3·mol-1
(experimental)
log Kow 4.78
图1 六氯丁二烯的化学结构式 (a) 及价层电子密度 (b)
Fig.1 The chemical structure of HCBD (a) and the valence electron density (b)
表2 大气环境中HCBD的浓度
Table 2 Concentrations of hexachlorobutadiene in atmosphere in different areas
Time Location Country Concentration
(μg/m3)		 ref
2010 Fongshan Stream, Taiwan China Mean: 225.844
Max: 844		 28
2010 Fongshan Stream, Taiwan China Mean:334.472 28
2010 Fongshan Stream, Taiwan China n.d. - 716.517 28
2010 Chengde, Hebei China 4. 88 ± 4. 67 29
2010 Chongqing China < 0.05 29
2010 Qinghai Lake China < 0.05 29
2011 Qushui, Tibetan China 0. 89 ± 0. 39 29
2011 Changdao, Shandong China 0. 32 ± 0. 32 29
2011 Wuyi Mountain China 0. 11 ± 0. 11 29
2011 Shennongjia China 1. 23 ± 0. 80 29
2011 Qingyuan, Liaoning China < 0.05 29
2011 Greater Khingan Mountains China < 0.05 29
2016 Shanghai China 0.06 26
2017 Jiangsu China < 2.23 ng/m3 22
2018 Chongqing China < 2.23 ng/m3 22
2018 Barcelona Spain 0.21 23
2018 PCE plant
(Acetylene method)		 China 1170 30
2018 PCE plant (Carbon
tetrachloride method)		 China 5530 30
2018 PCE plant (Downwind) China 305 30
2017~2018 Mountain Tai China 0.33 27
2017~2018 Jinan, Shandong China 0.36 27
2017~2018 Taian, Shandong China 0.38 27
表3 HCBD在不同水体中的赋存水平
Table 3 Concentrations of hexachlorobutadiene in different water bodies
Time Location Type Concentration
(μg/L)		 ref
2002 Greece Industrial wastewater n.d. - 0.70 47
2010 Basel, Switzerland surface water < 0.05 48
2010 Spain Industrial wastewater 0.0083~0.11 49
2011 China surface water
and groundwater		 0.08~0.37 38
2011 Saudi Arabia surface water 0.46~0.81 39
2011 Southern Poland Landfill leachate 0.008~0.064 50
2012 Huai River, China surface water 0.93
RQa: 7.75		 37
2012 Dongxiang River
Basin of China		 groundwater n.d. - 349.02 47
2013 China’s five
major river basins		 surface water
and groundwater		 0.10~ 1.23
Mean:0.61		 37
2013 Korea surface water 0.029~0.067 40
2013 Yellow River,China surface water 1.23
RQmax: 10.3
RQmean: 5.29		 37
2013 Liaohe River, China surface water 0.76
RQmax: 6.33
RQmean: 5.33		 37
2016 Gran Canaria, Spain surface water 0.8 ×10-3 41
2016 Portugal sediment n.d. - 11.1 46
2016 Zhejiang,China surface water 0.4 51
2017 Dianshan Lake, Shanghai surface water 0.109 33
表4 HCBD在不同地区生物体内的水平(μg·kg-1·lw)
Table 4 Concentrations of hexachlorobutadiene detected in organisms in different areas
Species Concentration Location Type Time ref
Herbivorous insects 1.3~8.2 Eastern China Terrestrial life 2014 15
Earthworm 1.3~8.2 Eastern China Terrestrial life 2014 8
Chinese toad 1.3~8.2 Eastern China Terrestrial life 2014 8
Insects and birds 1.65~3.80 Southwest China Terrestrial life 2015 8
Knotweed 0.03~24.6 Southwest China Plant 2015 54
Fish 0.6×10-4~
1.29×10-3		 South China Aquatic life 2021 60
Fish 0.17~0.64 ng·
g-1·lw		 North pole Aquatic life 2012 61
Fish n.d. - 0.012
ng·g-1·ww		 Pearl River Estuary, China Aquatic life 2012 2
Fish 112.8~827.3 Mississippi River Aquatic life 1976 62
Fish 2.7±0.59
ng/g ww		 Mexico Aquatic life 2018~2019 63
图2 HCBD的生成路径[36]
Fig.2 Three formation pathways of hexachlorobutadiene from several hydrocarbons synthesized from the results of researches by Heindl and Hutzinge[73], Sherry et al.[74], Tirey et al.[75], Wehrmeier et al.[76], summarized by Zhang[36].
图3 乙炔燃烧过程中HCBD的生成机理[69]
Fig.3 The formation mechanism of HCBD during acetylene combustion
图4 HCBD国际管控相关事件的时间轴
Fig.4 Timeline of international control process of hexachlorobutadiene
表5 HCBD的国内管控和测试标准
Table 5 Management and control of hexachlorobutadiene in China
Year Standard name Limits Of HCBD
1997 Water quality-Determination of volatile halogenated organic compounds-Headspace gas (GB/T 17130 - 1997) The minimum detection limit is 0.00002 mg/L[90]
2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838 - 2002) 0.0006 mg/L[91]
2007 Standard of Soil Quality Assessment for Exhibition Sites (HJ 350 - 2007) 1 μg/g
2007 Standards for drinking water quality (GB5749 - 2006) 0.0006 mg/L[92]
2014 Water quality-Determination of volatile organic compounds Purge and trap/gas chromatography The minimum detection limit is 0.1 mg/L[93]
2015 Emission standard of pollutants for petroleum chemistry industry (GB 31571 - 2015) 0.006 mg/L[94]
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