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化学进展 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (1): 207-226 DOI: 10.7536/PC210205 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

纳米技术在水中病毒灭活中的应用:对新型冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2传播阻断的启示

冀豪栋1, 齐娟娟1,2, 郑茂盛2, 党晨原3, 陈龙1, 黄韬博1, 刘文1,*()   

  1. 1 北京大学环境科学与工程学院 国家环境保护河流全物质通量重点实验室 水沙科学教育部重点实验室 北京 100871
    2 华北电力大学环境科学与工程学院 北京 102206
    3 华中科技大学环境与科学工程学院 武汉 430074
  • 收稿日期:2021-02-04 修回日期:2021-04-01 出版日期:2022-01-20 发布日期:2021-07-29
  • 通讯作者: 刘文
  • 基金资助:
    北京大学新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防控攻关专项; 国家自然科学基金项目(21906001); 国家自然科学基金项目(51721006); 中国博士后科学基金会项目(2020M670049); 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0402505)
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Application of Nanotechnology for Virus Inactivation in Water:Implications for Transmission-Blocking of the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Haodong Ji1, Juanjuan Qi1,2, Maosheng Zheng2, Chenyuan Dang3, Long Chen1, Taobo Huang1, Wen Liu1()   

  1. 1 State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, The MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University,Beijing 100871, China
    2 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University,Beijing 102206, China
    3 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074, China
  • Received:2021-02-04 Revised:2021-04-01 Online:2022-01-20 Published:2021-07-29
  • Contact: Wen Liu
  • Supported by:
    Peking University Novel Coronavirus Prevention and Control Project; National Natural Science Foundation of China(21906001); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51721006); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M670049); National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0402505)

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情给人类社会发展和生命健康造成了巨大威胁,由于新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)在水中的稳定性,城市污水成为该病毒最集中的污染源之一,因此如何杀灭主要水媒介中的病毒也成为了科学领域关注的重要问题。新冠病毒在结构上由具有遗传效应的RNA链和蛋白衣壳组成,可受活性氧物种(ROS)攻击解体而被灭活。生化代谢的阻断和结构的破坏也是新冠病毒灭活的有效方法。纳米材料因其表面和界面效应、独特的微观结构及优异的物化性质,在新冠病毒杀灭中有很好的应用前景。本文在探讨新型冠状病毒结构组成以及其在水环境中的存活及传播特征的基础上,全面综述了纳米材料在光催化、非均相催化高级氧化、离子毒性灭活和结构效应等方面于灭活病毒中的应用,深入探究了病毒灭活行为及机理。基于此,结合新冠病毒的结构组成及传播特征,深入探讨了不同纳米技术的新冠病毒灭活中的潜在应用。该综述可为环境纳米技术应用于水中新冠病毒灭活及其在水媒介中的次生传播阻断提供理论依据和实践参考。

关键词： 新型冠状病毒, 灭活, 纳米技术, 水环境, 传播阻断

The novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic (COVID-19) brings a serious threat to the development of human society and the health of human beings. Due to the stability of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in urban sewage, which has become one of the virus pollution sources, it has been a focus how to eliminate the existing virus in water. SARS-CoV-2 structurally consists of RNA chains and protein capsids, and thus can be inactivated via reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack. Moreover, block of biochemical metabolism and destruction of virus structure are also effective inactivation methods for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. Nanomaterials exhibit surface and interface effects, specific microstructure and excellent physicochemical properties, implying their high application potential in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. In this study, we overall review application of nanotechnologies for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation, including photocatalysis, heterogeneous catalytic oxidation, ion toxicity induced inactivation, and structural effects inactivation method. Furthermore, based on the structural composition, as well as survival and transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in water environment, the application potential of various nanotechnologies for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation are deeply discussed. This study can provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the application of nanotechnology for the SARS-CoV-2 inactivation and the secondary transmission interruption in water.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 SARS-CoV-2 and water disinfection techniques

2.1 Structure and composition of SARS-CoV-2

2.2 Survival and transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in water

2.3 Techniques for SARS-CoV-2 disinfection in water

2.4 Evaluation methods on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation

3 Application of nanotechnology on virus inactivation and its feasibility analysis on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation

3.1 Nanomaterials enhanced advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) based on radical attack for virus inactivation

3.2 Disinfection technologies based on released ions from nanomaterials

3.3 Disinfection technologies based on structure effect of nanomaterials

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: SARS-CoV-2, inactivation, nanotechnology, water environment, transmission-blocking
()
图1 纳米技术杀灭病毒的三种主要机制
Fig. 1 Three primary mechanisms for inactivating SARS-CoV-2 using nanotechnology
图2 SARS-CoV-2病毒的(a)透射电镜照片[27]、(b)二维结构示意图[23] 、(c)冷冻电镜断层图像[33]及(d)精确三维结构解析示意图[33]
Fig. 2 (a) Transmission electron microscopic image[27], (b) two-dimensional structure[23], (c) cryo-electron tomographic image[33], and (d) three-dimensional reconstructed authentic schematic illustration[33] of SARS-CoV-2.
图3 SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白与人体中ACE2酶结合(a)三维示意图(Kateryna Kon绘制)及(b)精细位点图[8]
Fig. 3 (a) Three-dimensional schematic illustration by Kateryna Kon and (b) detailed binding site of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with human ACE2[8]
图4 紫外照射对SARS-CoV-2病毒的灭活效果:(a)灭活动力学、(b)灭活效率、(c)UVA辐照强度和(d)UVC辐照强度[53]
Fig. 4 UV irradiation for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation: (a) Inactivation kinetic, (b) inactivation efficiency, (c) UVA irradiation intensity, and (d) UVC irradiation intensity[53]
表1 不同自由基及氧化剂的氧化电位对比
Table 1 Comparison on oxidation potentials of various radicals and oxidants
Oxidants Oxidation potential (E0, V) ref
Hydroxyl radical (·OH) 1.90~2.70 57
Superoxide radical (· O 2 -) 0.94 58,59
Singlet oxygen (1O2) 0.65 60
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 1.80 61
Chloride radical (Cl·) 2.41~2.47 57
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2·) 0.96~1.5 62
Ozone (O3) 2.1 62
Chlorine radical (Cl2·-) 2.0~2.12 57
Chlorine oxide radical (ClO·) 1.39 57
Sulfate radical (SO4·-) 2.50~3.10 63
Peroxysulfuric acid radical (SO5·-) 1.1 (pH=7) 57
Sulfite radical (SO3·-) 0.63 (pH=7) 64
Peroxodisulfate (S2 O 8 2 -) 2.1 62
图5 紫外照射下纳米TiO2颗粒在对新冠病毒灭活的影响[48]
Fig. 5 Effect of TiO2 under UV irradiation on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation[48]
图6 典型可见光光催化纳米材料(g-C3N4)杀灭病毒的机理(a)和三种灭杀方式(b)[70,82]
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic illustration on inactivation mechanism of virus by typical visible-light-driven photocatalyst (g-C3N4) and (b) three major virus inactivation ways[70,82]
图7 (a)MOFilter纳米晶膜材料的杀毒机制和(b)三层MOFilter面罩[85]
Fig. 7 (a) Schematic illustration on inactivation mechanism by metal-organic framework (MOF)-based filter and (b) trilaminar MOFilter mask[85]
图8 (a)臭氧或者活性氧物种攻击新冠病毒的潜在位点[31]和(b)臭氧分子抑制SARS-CoV-2病毒与人体肺细胞结合的机理示意图[118]
Fig. 8 (a) Schematic illustration on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation mechanism by ozone or ROS[31] and (b) schematic illustration on the inhabitation effect by ozone between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2[118]
表2 不同臭氧氧化技术对病毒灭杀的对比
Table 2 Comparison on virus inactivation by different ozonation technologies
Inactivation technology Inactivation efficiency Potential toxicity Cost Feasibility Popularity
Ozonation - - + +++ +++
UV+ O3 + - - ++ ++
H2O2+O3 + + - + +
Nanomaterials+O3 +++ ++ ++ +++ -
图9 病毒感染真核细胞和金属纳米粒子抗病毒的机制示意图[128]
Fig. 9 Schematic illustration of virus infecting on eukaryotic cell and antiviral mechanism of metal nanoparticles[128]
图10 利用纳米金颗粒实现裸眼检测SARS-CoV-2病毒RNA的示意图[132]
Fig. 10 Schematic illustration on naked-eye detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by designed Au nanoparticles[132]
图11 病毒被氧化石墨烯捕获、吸附和灭活的过程示意图[155]
Fig. 11 Schematic representation of the capture, adsorption, and inactivation of virus by GO[155]
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