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化学进展 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (11): 1917-1934 DOI: 10.7536/PC200945   后一篇

• 综述 •

纳米有机半导体光催化剂

闫楚璇1, 李青璘1, 巩正奇1, 陈颖芝1,2,*(), 王鲁宁1,2,*()   

  1. 1 北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院 北京 100083
    2 北京科技大学顺德研究生院 佛山 528399
  • 收稿日期:2020-09-23 修回日期:2020-10-22 出版日期:2020-12-22 发布日期:2020-12-22
  • 通讯作者: 陈颖芝, 王鲁宁
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金资助项目(51503014); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(230201818-001A3); 北京科技大学顺德研究生院科技创新专项(BK19AE027)
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Organic Semiconductor Nanostructured Photocatalysts

Chuxuan Yan1, Qinglin Li1, Zhengqi Gong1, Yingzhi Chen1,2(), Luning Wang1,2()   

  1. 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083, China
    2 Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528399, China
  • Received:2020-09-23 Revised:2020-10-22 Online:2020-12-22 Published:2020-12-22
  • Contact: Yingzhi Chen, Luning Wang
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51503014); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(230201818-001A3); Scientific and Technological Innovation Foundation of Shunde Graduate School, USTB(BK19AE027)

近年来,有机半导体因其独特可调的化学结构及光电性质越来越多地被应用于高效可见光催化领域。但是,有机材料本身化学键弱、载流子迁移率低,导致其催化效率低、稳定性差。因此,将有机半导体进行纳米组装及其构建异质结构,得到零维、一维、二维或多元复合纳米有机光催化剂,成为近几年的研究热点。零维粒子尺寸小、比表面积大;一维结构长程有序排列、表面缺陷密度降低;二维结构在增大表面活性位点的同时能最大限度地缩短电荷在材料内部的迁移距离而表现出更高的光生电荷利用率;纳米复合结构的异质界面可以有效促进光生电子-空穴对的分离,因此在提高光催化活性及稳定性方面具有重要意义。同时,纳米有机光催化剂种类丰富,催化机理各不相同,因此被广泛应用于分解水或空气中污染物的光催化领域。本综述中归纳了各类纳米有机光催化剂的制备方法、结构特性以及光催化应用,同时对多种光催化机制进行了介绍,并对其应用前景进行了展望。

关键词： 光催化, 有机半导体, 自组装, 纳米结构, 纳米复合结构

Organic semiconductors possess various chemical structures and tailored optoelectronic properties via simple chemical modifications, so increasing use of them are found in efficient visible-light photocatalysis. However, the weak chemical bonds and the poor charge behavior(e.g. notoriously low carrier mobility, short life of charge carriers) intrinsic in them, always incur quite limited efficiency and stability. Therefore, the assembly of them into specific nanostructures or nanocomposites is usually proposed to enhance their optoelectronic properties, as well as the photocatalytic efficiency and reliability. Zero-dimensional(0D) nanoparticles are low in size and hence high in specific surface area(SSA) ; one-dimensional(1D) nanostructures are usually arranged in an orderly long range thus leading to low surface defect density and higher carrier mobility; two-dimensional(2D) structures are particularly capable of enhancing the photogenerated charge utilization because of their large reaction sites and shortened charge transport length; The heterogeneous interfaces in the nanocomposites can effectively facilitate the special charge separation. All these emphasize their importance in photocatalytic activity and stability. So far, organic nanostructures are increasingly used in the photocatalytic decomposition of pollutants, CO2 reduction, water splitting into oxygen and hydrogen, etc. In this review, the varied organic nanostructures, properties, mechanistic pathways, and the different photocatalytic applications are summarized, and moreover, the challenges and future outlook are also given.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Physical and chemical properties of organic semiconductors

3 Photocatalytic process

4 Self-assembly of organic molecules

5 Organic nanostructured photocatalysts

5.1 Isolated nanostructures

5.2 Binary nanocomposites

5.3 Multiple nanocomposites

6 Application of organic nanostructured photocatalysts

7 Conclusions and outlook

Key words: photocatalysis, organic semiconductor, self-assembly, nanostructure, nanocomposites
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图1 几种典型有机光催化剂的光吸收范围[45]
Fig. 1 Typical absorption ranges of the organic photocatalysts in the UVB-UVA-visible range[45]. Copyright 2012, John Wiley and Sons
图2 光催化过程示意图[50]
Fig. 2 Photocatalytic process diagram[50]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons
图3 典型有机分子自组装
Fig. 3 Nano-assembly of typical organic semiconductors
图4 (a)纳米晶形貌随表面活性剂浓度和pH的变化而变化;(b)锌卟啉(ZnTPP)纳米晶的光催化活性。在可见光照射下,四方纳米棒(c)、相同浓度的ZnTPP在DMF中的浓度(d)、相同浓度的ZnTPP在0.01 M的HCl中(e)、直径为80 nm的纳米颗粒(f)、长度为2 μm的六方纳米线(g)、长度为400 nm的六方棒(h)和六方多孔纳米盘(i)用于可见光照射下光降解MO分子。文中还给出了不使用锌卟啉纳米晶(a)和使用商品P25(b)的空白实验结果以供比较[64]
Fig. 4 (a) Nanocrystal morphology evolution with the surfactant concentration and pH,(b) Photocatalytic activities of Zn porphyrin(ZnTPP) nanocrystals. Tetragonal nanorods with 200 nm length(c), same concentration ZnTPP in DMF(d), same concentration ZnTPP in 0.01 M HCl(e), nanoparticles with 80 nm diameter(f), hexagonal nanowires with 2 μm length(g), hexagonal rods with 400 nm length(h), and hexagonal porous nanodisks(i) for photo degradation of MO molecules under visible light irradiation. The results from blank experiments, where no Zn Porphyrin nanocrystals were used(a) and commercial P25(b) was used are also presented for comparison[64]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society
图5 准球形PeNPs形成的示意图。Stage Ⅰ:成核;Stage Ⅱ:成长;Stage Ⅲ和Ⅳ:一维到三维组织[65]
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the formation of quasi-spherical Pe nanoparticles. Stage Ⅰ: nucleation; Stage Ⅱ: growth; Stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ: one-dimensional(1D)to three-dimensional(3D)organization[65]. Copyright 2007, American Chemical Society
图6 (a,b)PPy-NS-c的SEM图像;(c~d)PPy-NS-γ的SEM图像;(e,f)PPy-bulk的SEM图像;(g)制备的PPy样品在紫外可见光下对苯酚(初始浓度为0.5 mM)的降解率;(h)制备的PPy样品在可见光照射下对苯酚(初始浓度为0.5 mM)的降解率。P25 TiO2在紫外线下显示出高活性,Ag-TiO2在紫外光和可见光下均表现出高活性,在实验中用作对照组衡量PPy样品的催化活性[67]
Fig. 6 SEM images of PPy-NS-c(a,b), PPY-NS-γ(c~d), and PPy-bulk(e,f);(g) Degradation rate of phenol(initial concentration: 0.5 mM) under ultraviolet and visible light;(h) Degradation rate of phenol(initial concentration 0.5 mM) under visible light irradiation for the PPy sample prepared. P25 TiO2 showed high activity under ultraviolet light, while Ag-TiO2 showed high activity under ultraviolet and visible light, which was used as the control group to measure the catalytic activity of PPy samples in the experiment[67]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier
图7 BCN、CCN和HCCN的光催化机理示意图[75]
Fig. 7 Schematic of the tentative photocatalytic mechanisms of BCN, CCN, and HCCN[75]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
图8 (a)Cu/g-C3N4的TEM图像;(b)纯g-C3N4、Cu/g-C3N4光催化的RhB的降解率;(c)可见光照射下Cu/g-C3N4在有无EDTA-2Na、BQ和TBA时对RhB的光催化活性比较研究[94]
Fig. 8 (a) TEM image of Cu/g-C3N4;(b) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB in the presence of pure g-C3N4, Cu/g-C3N4 materials;(c) Photocatalytic activities comparison of Cu/g-C3N4 materials with or without adding EDTA-2Na, BQ and TBA to degrade RhB under visible light irradiation[94]. Copyright 2020, Acta Physico-Chimica. Sinica
图9 三种不同类型的电子-空穴对分离示意图:(a)跨立型(Ⅰ型)、(b)错开型(Ⅱ型)、(c)破隙型(Ⅲ型)[97]
Fig. 9 Schematic diagram of three different types of electron-hole pair separation:(a) Straddling gap(type Ⅰ)、(b) Staggered gap(type Ⅱ)、 and(c) Broken gap(type Ⅲ)[97]. Copyright 2012, Royal Society of Chemistry
图10 (a)H2TPP(p),CH-PTCDI(n)和H2TPP-CH-PTCDI(p-n)纳米结构的荧光光谱;(b)可见光(λ > 400 nm)下不同样品对亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化降解;(c)H2TPP-CH-PTCDI纳米复合结构的光催化原理示意图[98]
Fig. 10 (a) Fluorescence spectra of H2TPP(p), CH-PTCDI(n) and H2TPP-CH-PTCDI(p-n) nanostructures;(b) photocatalytic degradation of methyl blue(MB) by different samples under visible light(λ > 400 nm) ;(c) Schematic diagram of photocatalysis of H2TPP-CH-PTCDI nanocomposite structure[98]. Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry
图11 (a)PTCBI和MPc的分子结构;(b)PTCBI/H2Pc和PTCBI/PbPc的吸收光谱(400~1000 nm);(c) PTCBI/PbPc的长期光电解研究(ITO/PTCBI/PbPc的耐久性能是根据Pt计数器上析出的H2的量来评估的,一个周期的照射时间为1 h)[99]
Fig. 11 (a)The molecular structure of PTCBI and MPc;(b)Absorption spectra of PTCBI/H2Pc and PTCBI/PbPc (400~1000 nm);(c)A long-term optoelectronic solution study of PTCBI/PbPc(the durability of ITO/PTCBI/PbPc was assessed by the amount of H2 precipitated on the Pt counter and the exposure time for one cycle was 1 hour)[99]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier
图12 (a)CCN1.0上的活性物种捕获实验;(b)CCN1.0的光催化机理示意图[104]
Fig. 12 (a) Active species capture experiments on CCN1.0;(b) schematic diagram of photocatalytic mechanism of CCN1.0[104]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
图13 (a)5,10,15,20-四(4-羧基苯基)卟啉(TCPP)的化学结构;(b)不同浓度的rGO(a-0 μg,b-60 μg,c-100 μg,d-150 μg和e-240 μg)时,TCPP NR-rGO复合材料的光致发光光谱;(c)TCPP NR的暗电流a和光电流c;TCPP NR-rGO复合系统的暗电流b和光电流d[105]
Fig. 13 (a) The chemical structure of 5,10,15,20-four(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin(TCPP) ;(b) Photoluminescence spectra of TCPP NR-rGO composites at different concentrations(a-0 μg, b-60 μg, c-100 μg, d-150 μg and e-240 μg) ;(c) Dark current a and photocurrent c of TCPP NR; Dark current b and photocurrent d of TCPP NR-rGO composite system[105]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society
图14 (a)使用NaBH4还原制备rGO/pCN的静电自组装流程图;(b)rGO、纯g-C3N4、pCN、15rGO/pCN和15rGO/CN光照10 h后CH4的总产量[107]
Fig. 14 (a)Schematic mechanism for fabricating rGO/pCN heterojunction via an electrostatic self-assembly strategy followed by reduction with NaBH4;(b)Total yield for CH4 production over rGO, pure g-C3N4, pCN, 15rGO/pCN, and 15rGO/CN photocatalysts after 10 h of illumination[107]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier
图15 CN的负载量为1 wt%时,不同原子比的Pt、Co和Pt-Co合金的光催化H2析出性能[112]
Fig. 15 Photocatalytic H2 evolution performance over Pt, Co and Pt-Co alloys of different atomic ratios loaded CN at 1 wt% loading amount[112]. Copyright 2020, Acta Physico-Chimica. Sinica
图16 (a)四种卟啉分子的结构;(b)纯TiO2和四种TiO2-卟啉复合光催化剂的可见光吸收光谱;(c)纯TiO2和四种TiO2-卟啉复合光催化剂在可见光照射下MB的光催化降解曲线[115]
Fig. 16 (a)The structure of the four porphyrin molecules;(b)Visible absorption spectra of pure TiO2 and four kinds of TiO2-porphyrin composite photocatalysts;(c)Photocatalytic degradation curves of MB with pure TiO2 and four kinds of TiO2-porphyrin composite photocatalysts under visible light irradiation[115]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier
图17 (a)Ag3VO4/Cu-MOF/rGO的FESEM图片;(b)在不同催化剂存在下AB92光降解率C/C0图像;(c)Ag3VO4/Cu-MOF/rGO在可见光照射下的光催化机理和电荷转移方案[126]
Fig. 17 (a) FESEM image of Ag3VO4/Cu-Mof/rGO;(b) Image of AB92 photodegradation rate C/C0 in the presence of different catalysts;(c) Photocatalytic mechanism and charge transfer scheme of Ag3VO4/Cu-Mof/rGO under visible light irradiation[126]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
图18 (a)TiO2、4-PySH@TiO2、ZnTCPP@TiO2、PCN-222(Zn)和TP222(Zn)的紫外-可见漫反射光;(b)根据(αhv)2-Eg线计算了TiO2和PCN-222(Zn)的带隙[138]
Fig. 18 (a) UV-visible diffusive reflectance spectra of the as-prepared samples: TiO2, 4-PySH@TiO2, ZnTCPP@TiO2, PCN-222(Zn) and TP-222(Zn);(b) Calculation of the band gaps of TiO2 and PCN-222(Zn) based on the(αhv)2-Eg curves[138]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry
图19 (a)g-C3N4-NiFeP的TEM图像;(b)不同样品的平均析氢率;(c)TRPL谱;(d)EY敏化的g-C3N4,CN/FEP/g-C3N4和CN/FeNiP/g-C3N4复合材料的光电流响应[143]
Fig. 19 (a) TEM image of g-C3N4-NiFeP;(b) average H2 evolution rate over different samples;(c) TRPL spectra and(d) photocurrent responses of EY-sensitized g-C3N4, CN/FeP/g-C3N4, and CN/FeNiP/g-C3N4 composites[143]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier
图20 Au@SnS、Au@g-C3N4和Au@g-C3N4/SnS样品在4 h光照下的生烃率比较[150]
Fig. 20 Hydrocarbon generation rate in comparison with samples Au@SnS, Au@g-C3N4, and Au@g-C3N4/SnS for 4 h illumination[150]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
表1 纳米有机光催化剂的制备、形貌及应用[24⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~35,53⇓⇓ ~56,129⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓ ~136]
Table 1 Preparation, morphology and application of nano organic photocatalyst[24⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~35,53⇓⇓ ~56,129⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓ ~136]
Photocatalyst Preparation method Structure and morphology* Application and efficiency ref
H-type aggregated perylenete-
tracarboxylic diimide(H-PDI);
J-type aggregated perylenete
tracarboxylic diimide(J-PDI)		 pH hydrogelation
method		 Nanofibers(SSA: 10.05 m2·g-1)
Nanorods( SSA: 16.02 m2·g-1)		 phenol photodegradation(50%, 4 h)
phenol photodegradation(negligible)		 54
perylene diimide/nanosilica(SN-PDI) covalently anchoring Nanospheres( SSA: 39.9 m2·g-1) Decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE209) photodegradation(100%, 0.5 h) 55
perylene imide/Bi2WO6 (PDI/Bi2WO6) dual transfer approach Nanosheets( SSA: 16.633 m2·g-1) BPA photodegradation(99.7%, 3 h) 56
20-tetrakis[p-(3-N-triethoxysilylpropylureido)phenyl]porphyrin(TiO2/POR-Si) Sol-gel cogelation Crystallite( SSA: 180 m2·g-1) P-nitrophenol(PNP) photodegradation(65%, 24 h) 31
Tetrahydroxyphenyl zinc porphyrin-TiO2(ZnTHPP-TiO2); Tetrahydroxyphenyl zinc porphyrin/TiO2(ZnTHPP/TiO2) Solvothermal in situ
method; Impregnation
method		 Nanospheres(size: 30~40 nm) MB photodegradation(75.6%, 100 min); MB photodegradation(61.2%, 100 min) 24
Iron(Ⅲ) meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin/TiO2 nanotubes(FeTCPP-TNTs) hydrothermal and
heating reflux process		 Nanospheres
(size: 18.26 nm, SSA:
309.45 m2·g-1)		 MB photodegradation(90%, 2 h) 35
Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin /ZnFe2O4@polythiophene(TCPP/ZnFe@PTh) photosensitize Clusters MO photodegradation(94%, 3 h) 34
6-
5-
dicarbaldehyde(CuTAPP-CMP-OH)		 Microwave-assisted Nanospheres(SSA 223.6 m2·g-1) RhB photodegradation(98%, 3 h) 26
polyphenylporphyrin benzobisoxazole
P(PPor-BBO)		 polycondensation Nanospheres(size: 90 nm) RhB photodegradation(98%, 2.5 h) 30
20-meso-tetra-(para-amino)-phenyl-
porphyrin(FST-g-TAPP)		 Graft modification Clusters(75.127 m2·g-1) RhB photodegradation(96.26%, 1 h) 27
Benzobisoxazole-linked porphyrin-based fully conjugated microporous polymers based on metalloporphyrin(BBO-NiPor-CMP) polycondensation reaction Sheet clusters(SSA: 238 m2·g-1) RhB photodegradation(100%, 2.5 h) 33
Carbon nitride/cobalt tetra-phenyl-porphyrin(CN/Co(Ⅲ)TPP) Self-assembled Lamellar(pore volume: 0.254 cm3·g-1) Nicotinamide cofactors(NADH)
regeneration(87.9%, 1 h)		 25
cobalt metallated aminopor-phyrin(GO-Co-ATPP) Solvothermal method Nanospheres(SSA: 13.971 m2·g-1) Formic acid conversion(96.49 μmol, 2 h) 28
g-C3N4 loaded with carbon dots/tetra
(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin iron(Ⅲ)
(g-C3N4-Cx/FeTCPP)		 mechanical mixing Nanosheets(SSA: 77.5~85.5 m2·g-1) CO evolution(28.3 mmol g-1, 6 h)
H2 evolution(71.1 mmol g-1, 6 h)		 32
Zinc-porphyrin/platinum deposited hi-
erarchical porous TiO2(LG5/PHPT)		 D-π-A approach Clusters H2 evolution(4196 μmol·g-1·h-1) 29
4-pyrrolopyrrole
dione(DPP-CN);
4-pyrrolopyrrole dione(DPP-CI);
4-pyrrolopyrrole dione
(DPP-PN)		 Condensation reaction Strip(size: 176.8 nm)
Flake(size: 316.9 nm)
Strip(size: 285.8 nm )		 H2 evolution(569.26 μmol·g-1·h-1)
H2 evolution(361.84 μmol·g-1·h-1)
H2 evolution(Almost none)		 53
Pt@CeO2/three-dimensional porous g-C3N4(Pt@CeO2/3DCN) Calcination method Cubes/sheets(SSA: 61.67
m2·g-1)		 CO evolution(4.69 μmol·g-1·h-1)
CH4 evolution(3.03 μmol·g-1·h-1)		 129
4-
benzenedicarboxylate)/TiO2(CPO-27-Mg/TiO2)		 Hydrothermal Self-assembly method Spindle/nanospheres(size:
300~500 nm)		 CO evolution(40.9 μmol·g-1)
CH4 evolution(23.5 μmol·g-1)		 130
Cs2AgBiBr6@g-C3N4 (CABB@g-C3N4) In situ assembly strategy Thin shell(size 2~3 nm) CO2 reduction(2.0 μmol·g-1·h-1) 131
Zr based MOFs/carbon nanotubes(UIO-66-NH2/CNTs) Hydrothermal method spheres/rods(SSA:
642.5 m2·g-1)		 CO2 reduction(28.8 μmol, 4 h) 132
4'-(PO3H2)2-bipy)]Br2-TiO2-CO2-reducing enzyme(RUP-TiO2-CODH) modified with a
photosensitizer		 Nanospheres(size: 21 nm) CO evolution(5 μmol, 4 h) 133
MOF-525(Zr6O4(OH)4(TCPP-H2)3)-Co(MOF-525-Co) incorporation of
coordinatively unsaturated single atoms		 Nanosheets CO evolution(200.6 μmol·g-1·h-1)
CH4 evolution(36.76 μmol·g-1·h-1)		 134
MIL-101=Fe-containing MOFs (NH2-MIL-101) amine-functionalized Clusters CO2 adsorption(34.0 cm3·g-1) 135
Au@PtAg/2-Methylimidazole zinc salt(Au@PtAg@ZIF-8) encapsulation approach Core/hell(SSA:
1325 m2·g-1)		 CO evolution(14.5 μmol·g-1·h-1) 136
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摘要

纳米有机半导体光催化剂