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化学进展 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (1): 50-62 DOI: 10.7536/PC181221 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

碳团簇的结构及其演进

姚阳榕, 谢素原**()   

  1. 厦门大学化学化工学院化学系 厦门 361005
  • 收稿日期:2019-01-01 修回日期:2019-01-03 出版日期:2019-01-15 发布日期:2019-01-04
  • 通讯作者: 谢素原
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目资助(21721001); 国家自然科学基金项目资助(51572231)
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Structures and Progress of Carbon Clusters

Yangrong Yao, Suyuan Xie**()   

  1. Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
  • Received:2019-01-01 Revised:2019-01-03 Online:2019-01-15 Published:2019-01-04
  • Contact: Suyuan Xie
  • About author:
    ** Corresponding author e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21721001); The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51572231)

碳团簇是一种新型的碳材料,自20世纪80年代被发现以来,就以其独特的结构和优越的性能而在科学界掀起了研究狂潮。碳团簇的范畴非常广泛,小到气相中的单个碳原子,大到富勒烯、碳纳米管、碳纳米锥、石墨烯等都可以看作是碳团簇的存在形式。研究碳团簇的结构及其演进,解开碳团簇形成机理之谜,对开拓新型碳团簇材料的结构和应用都具有重要意义。本文对碳团簇的结构及其演进过程进行了回顾,并概述了目前碳团簇的合成方法、碳团簇结构的表征手段以及碳团簇演进的研究现状。

关键词： 碳团簇, 富勒烯, 氯化富勒烯, 合成, 结构, X-射线单晶衍射, 形成机理

Carbon clusters, a new type of carbon material, have attracted great attentions in scientific community due to the unique structures and superior performances since its discovery in the 1980s. Carbon clusters have a wide range of categories ranging from single carbon atom in the gas phase to fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanocones, graphenes, etc. It is of great significance to study the structures and progress of carbon clusters and solve the mystery of the formation mechanism for exploring new structures and applications of carbon cluster materials. In this paper, we review the structures and progress of carbon clusters and summary the synthesis, characterization and current state of progress of carbon clusters.

Key words: carbon clusters, fullerenes, chloride fullerenes, synthesis, structure, X-ray single crystal diffraction, formation mechanism
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图1 碳团簇的质谱图[2]
Fig.1 The mass spectra of carbon clusters[2]
图2 激光蒸发法装置示意图[3]
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of laser vaporization system[3]
图3 电弧放电法装置示意图[18]
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of arc-discharge system[18]
图4 辉光放电法装置示意图[19, 20]
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of glow discharge system[19, 20]
图5 微波等离子体法装置示意图[21, 22]
Fig.5 微波等离子体法装置示意图[21, 22]
图6 (a)玻璃火焰燃烧装置示意图;(b)燃烧头的结构图[24]
Fig.6 (a) The glass combustion generator and (b) configuration of the burner[24]
图7 硫杂巴基碗/C60超分子组装一维超分子链[33]
Fig.7 One-dimensional supramolecular chain of sulfurdoped buckybowls/C60[33]
图8 “巴基手”与各类型富勒烯超分子组装共晶结构图。其中(a)2DPC{C60};(b)2DPC{C70};(c)2DPC{C90};(d)2DPC{α-PC71BM};(e)2DPC{β1-PC71BM};(f)2DPC{PCP};(g)2DPC{PCAE};(h)2DPC{Cs-C71H2-Ⅰ};(i)2DPC{Cs-C71H2-Ⅱ};(j)2DPC{C65H6};(k)2DPC{C60HPh};(l)2DPC{C60HCH3};(m)2DPC{C2v-C71H2-Ⅲ};(n)2DPC{Sc3N@C80};(o)2DPC{(C59N)2}[89]
Fig.8 Crystallographic structures of co-crystals between DPC and fullerenes.(a) 2DPC{C60}, (b) 2DPC{C70}, (c) 2DPC{C90}, (d) 2DPC{α-PC71BM}, (e) 2DPC{β1-PC71BM}, (f) 2DPC{PCP}, (g) 2DPC{PCAE}, (h) 2DPC{Cs-C71H2-Ⅰ}, (i) 2DPC{Cs-C71H2-Ⅱ}, (j) 2DPC{C65H6}, (k) 2DPC{C60HPh}, (l) 2DPC{C60HCH3}, (m) 2DPC{C2v-C71H2-Ⅲ}, (n) 2DPC{Sc3N@C80}, (o) 2DPC{(C59N)2}.Reprinted with permission[89].Copyright 2019 Springer Nature Publishing AG
图9 C1/C2机理形成C20示意图[34]
Fig.9 Schematic diagram for the formation of C20 by C1/C2 mechanism[34]
图10 C20-C34团簇氯化物在色谱中的分布以及对应的质谱图。其中(A)C18Cl10;(B)C22Cl12;(C)C23Cl10;(D)C24Cl12;(E)C25Cl10;(F)C26Cl12;(G)C28Cl12;(H)C30Cl12H2;(I)C32Cl12H2;(J)C34Cl12H2[37]
Fig.10 The distribution of chlorinated carbon clusters ranging from C18 to C34 and their corresponding mass spectra: (A) C18Cl10; (B) C22Cl12; (C) C23Cl10; (D)C24Cl12; (E) C25Cl10; (F) C26Cl12; (G)C28Cl12; (H) C30Cl12H2; (I) C32Cl12H2; (J) C34Cl12H2[37]
图11 通过原位氯化法捕获的含相邻五元环的富勒烯。其中(a)D5h(271)-C50Cl10;(b)C2v(540)-C54Cl8;(c)Cs(864)-C56Cl12;(d)C2v(913)-C56Cl10;(e)D2(916)-C56Cl12;(f)Cs(1804)-C60Cl12;(g)C2v(1809)-C60Cl8;(h)C3v(1911)-C64Cl4;(i)Cs(4169)-C66Cl6;(j)Cs(4169)-C66Cl10;(k)C2v(4348)-C66Cl10;(l)C1(hept)-C68Cl6;(m)C2(8064)-C70Cl10;(n)C2v(11188)-C72Cl4;(o)C1(14049)-C74Cl10;(p)C1(23863)-C78(OOCH2C6H5)Cl7
Fig.11 Pentagon-fused fullerenes captured by in-situ chlorination. (a) D5h(271)-C50Cl10; (b) C2v(540)-C54Cl8; (c) Cs(864)-C56Cl12; (d) C2v(913)-C56Cl10; (e) D2(916)-C56Cl12; (f) Cs(1804)-C60Cl12; (g) C2v(1809)-C60Cl8; (h) C3v(1911)-C64Cl4; (i) Cs(4169)-C66Cl6; (j) Cs(4169)-C66Cl10; (k) C2v(4348)-C66Cl10; (l) C1(hept)-C68Cl6; (m) C2(8064)-C70Cl10; (n) C2v(11188)-C72Cl4; (o) C1(14049)-C74Cl10; (p) C1(23863)-C78(OOCH2C6H5)Cl7
图12 从D5h(8149)-C70到D3h(14246)-C74的结构演进[53]
Fig.12 The progress from D5h(8149)-C70 to D3h(14246)-C74[53]
图13 C2v(2)-C78Cl6(C5Cl6)两个朝向的晶体结构图
Fig.13 Two orientations of the crystal of C2v(2)-C78Cl6(C5Cl6)
图14 从富勒烯到碳纳米管的演进过程
Fig.14 Progress from fullerenes to carbon nanotubes
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摘要

碳团簇的结构及其演进