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化学进展 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (6): 1414-1430 DOI: 10.7536/PC210709 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述与评论 •

二维纳米材料的改性及其环境污染物治理方面的应用

周晋, 陈鹏鹏*()   

  1. 安徽大学化学化工学院 安徽 230601
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-07 修回日期:2021-11-04 出版日期:2021-12-02 发布日期:2021-12-02
  • 通讯作者: 陈鹏鹏
  • 基金资助:
    安徽省自然科学基金项目(2008085ME138); 合肥市自然科学基金项目(2021034)
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Modification of 2D Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Environment Pollution Treatment

Jin Zhou, Pengpeng Chen()   

  1. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University,Anhui 230601, China
  • Received:2021-07-07 Revised:2021-11-04 Online:2021-12-02 Published:2021-12-02
  • Contact: Pengpeng Chen
  • Supported by:
    Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2008085ME138); Hefei Municipal Natural Science Foundation(2021034)

二维纳米材料是一类具有类似二维平面形态,且厚度在纳米级甚至数个原子层的材料,其种类繁多并且具有很多与体相材料不同的物化性质,在众多领域受到了广泛关注。二维纳米材料在催化降解、吸脱附、过滤、传感检测等领域具有可观的应用潜力,还可用于环境污染的防治。通过形貌、元素、基团、缺陷的修饰、改性和材料合成等策略可以调控二维纳米材料的性质,从而研发新的材料体系或者改善二维纳米材料的性能。本文首先归纳了二维纳米材料的种类,并重点阐述了各种改性策略的作用及研究现状,以及改性的二维纳米材料在治理水体污染、大气污染和污染物检测等方面的应用,为二维纳米材料在环境治理领域的发展现状作了系统介绍和展望。

关键词： 二维材料, 纳米材料, 改性, 环境污染治理

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are nanomaterials with a sheet-like morphology, which have a nanoscaled thickness or even several atomic layers. There are many kinds of 2D nanomaterials and they have many physical and chemical properties different from bulk materials, so 2D nanomaterials have great potential in catalytic degradation, adsorption, filtration, sensor and so on, and can also be used for the prevention and control of environmental pollution. The properties of 2D nanomaterials can be controlled by modification of morphology, elements, groups, defects and material composite so as to improve their performance or develop new material systems. In this paper, the types of 2D nanomaterials are summarized first. The paper also focuses on the role and status of various 2D nanomaterials modification strategies, as well as the application of modified two-dimensional materials in the treatment of water pollution, air pollution, pollutant detection and so on. In a word, the paper makes a systematic introduction and prospect for the development of 2D nanomaterials in environmental governance.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Categories of 2D nanomaterials

2.1 Single-element 2D nanomaterials and their derivatives

2.2 Inorganic compound 2D nanomaterials

2.3 Organic 2D nanomaterials

3 Strategies for modifying 2D nanomaterials

3.1 Composite of materials

3.2 Modification of elements

3.3 Modification of groups

3.4 Defect engineering

3.5 Modification of morphology

4 Application of 2D nanomaterials in environmental pollution control

4.1 Classification and detection of environmental pollutant

4.1 Water pollution control

4.3 Air pollution control

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: two-dimensional materials, nanomaterials, modification, environmental pollution control
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图1 不同类型的超薄二维纳米材料[14]
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of different kinds of typical ultrathin 2D nanomaterials[14]. Copyright 2015, ACS
图2 不同方式的二维纳米材料基高效异质结光催化剂的设计[61]
Fig. 2 Schematics illustrating the design of efficient 2D nanomaterial-based heterojunction photocatalysts with different configurations[61]. Copyright 2020, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
图3 SFGO-La3+和LFGO-La3+的机理示意图。嵌在GO纳米片之间的La3+阳离子(蓝色球体)允许甲醇(C:黑色;H:白色;O:红色)渗透而将溶质分子(黄色球体)截留下来[86]
Fig. 3 Schematic illustration showing the key strategy used in this work. The La3+ cations (blue spheres) intercalated between the GO nanosheets allow permeation of methanol (C, black; H, white; O, red) but exclude solute molecules (yellow sphere)[86]. Copyright 2020, AAAS
图4 有机官能团修饰的MoS2纳米片的合成步骤[91]
Fig. 4 The synthetic route of organic functional groups decorated MoS2 (OFGD-MoS2) nanosheets[91]. Copyright 2014, RSC
图5 二维MCOF的空间位阻举例[59]。(a) 由酞菁铜或酞菁锌构成的二维MCOFs(M = Cu2+或Zn2+);(b) 一种由酞菁镍构成的二维Ni-COF;(c),(e) Cu-COF或Zn-COF的错位式AA堆积;(d),(f) Ni-COF的重叠式AA堆积
Fig. 5 An example about the steric hindrance of 2D MCOF[59]. (a) 2D MCOFs (M = Cu2+ or Zn2+) were constructed by Cu- or Zn-phthalocyanine. (b) A 2D Ni-COF was constructed by Ni-phthalocyanine. (c) and (e) Serrated AA stacking of the Cu-COF or Zn-COF. (d) and (f) Eclipsed AA stacking of the Ni-COF. Copyright 2020, WILEY-VCH
图6 锑纳米片的光催化固氮性能[110]。(a) 不同离心速度下得到的锑纳米片在紫外-可见光或可见光照射下的NH3产率(用吲哚酚蓝法测定),由离子色谱法测得的可见光下NH3产率的数据也在其中,如橙色小球(IC data)所示;(b) 不同锑纳米片的NH3产量-反应时间关系图;(c) 锑纳米片的光催化固氮与能带的示意图
Fig. 6 Performance of photocatalytic N2 fixation of Sb nanosheets[110]. (a) NH3 yield rates under UV-Vis (column with slash) or visible light irradiation (column without slash) determined using the indophenol blue method over Sb nanosheets derived at different CF speeds. The NH3 yield rates under visible light obtained by ion chromatography were also included, as indicated by orange balls (IC data). (b) NH3 yield versus reaction time over the Sb nanosheets. (c) Schematic illustration of photocatalytic N2 fixation and the energy band structures of Sb nanosheets. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
表1 多种含二维纳米材料的传感体系及部分性能指标
Table 1 Several sensing systems containing 2D nanomaterials and their performance
Sensing system Detection target Mechanism Linear range Limit of
detection		 Non interfering
substances		 ref
Ag2S/Ag@MoS2 rhodamine 6G surface-enhanced Raman scattering - 0.01 μM - 119
BPNS-PEI-TsNiPc crystal violet surface-enhanced Raman scattering - - - 62
Cu-MoS2-based antibody
fragments electrode		 3-phenoxybenzoic acid electrochemical biosensing - 3.8 μM - 120
ZIF-8/NH2-MIL-53(Al) doxycycline fluorescence sensing 0.004~38.5 mg/L 1.2 μg/L 9 inorganic anions
and 7 antibiotics		 121
tetracycline 0.004~25.7 mg/L 1.2 μg/L
oxytetracycline 0.004~32.1 mg/L 1.2 μg/L
chlortetracycline 0.005~25.7 mg/L 2.2 μg/L
{[Eu2Na(Hpdbb)
(pdbb)2(CH3COO)2]·
2.5DMA}n		 nitrofurazone fluorescence sensing 0~100 μM 0.64 μM 9 inorganic anions
and 5 antibiotics		 122
nitrofurantoin 0~80 μM 0.68 μM
furazolidone 0~80 μM 1.06 μM
$\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}$ 0~500 μM 5.35 μM
MnO 4 - 0~800 μM 5.99 μM
BiVO4/Ti3C2TX Hg2+ photoelectrochemical sensing 1 pM~2 nM 1 pM 8 metal ions 123
MoS2-Pd NO gas electrochemical sensing - 0.1 ppm NO2, H2S, NH3 124
Ag/H-ZIF-67/glassy carbon electrode H2O2 electrochemical sensing 5 μM~7 mM or 7~67 mM 1.1 μM glucose, NaCl, citric acid, ascorbic acid 125
GO NSs with PdO-WO3
NSs		 H2S gas electrochemical sensing - - C2H5OH, C7H8,
CH3COCH3, NH3,
HCHO, CH3SH		 126
Au/MoS2 acetone, ethanol, 2-propanol electrochemical sensing - - toluene, hexane,
benzene		 127
Graphene/TiS3 ethanol, methanol, acetone electrochemical sensing 2~12 ppm
(for ethanol)		 2 ppm
(for ethanol)		 H2, CO, CH4 128
MoS2 FET with HfO2 and antibody E. coli electrochemical biosensing - 10 CFU/mL P. aeruginosa 129
Ti3C2-based 16S rDNA
sensor		 M. tuberculosis electrochemical biosensing 102~108 CFU/mL 20 CFU/mL 4 bacteria and BCG vaccine 130
图7 几种有利于光催化的异质结和机理的能带结构:Ⅱ型异质结、p-n结、肖特基结、Z型异质结、S型(阶梯型)异质结以及光致界面电荷转移机理
Fig. 7 Several types of band structure of heterojunction and mechanism: type-Ⅱ heterojunction, p-n heterojunction, Schottky junction, Z-scheme heterojunction, step-scheme heterojunction and photoinduced interfacial charge transfer, which are beneficial to photocatalysis
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