Based on the records in Clarivate Analytics's Web of Science database, this paper uses bibliometric method to assess the development trends of mathematics in China and the world during 2006 to 2015. The paper analyzes the aspects of the research production, academic impact, and output from high impact journals, important output, international collaboration and disciplinary layout. The paper aims to compare the strength of China with the developed countries, to reveal the development trend of China's mathematics and its international competitiveness, and to provide references to mathematics policy formulation for Chinese government.