This report describes the scientific, industrial, regulatory, and health care management system context in which biomarkers are being developed. It identifies some of the barriers which may impede biomarker research, discovery, development, commercialisation and, ultimately, uptake in clinics. It also focuses on the use of biomarkers in the health care system, as diagnostics and in medical tests, and explores the use of biomarkers for the development of improved medicines.

Household emission is an important part of the carbon emission, which is also the major aspects of reducing carbon emission. In recent years, the problem of household energy consumption and related carbon emissions has been widely concerned by the international community and the scientific community. The articles on household emission from the database of Science Citation Index-Expanded published between 1990 and 2012 were analyzed by the Text Mining Software of Thomson Data Analyzer (TDA) and the Social Network Analysis Software of UCINET. The distribution of articles by country, institution and researcher, as well as the focus themes were indicated based on quantity and keywords. Meanwhile, the author collaboration network based on co-author phenomenon were discussed.

One of the bottlenecks which hinder nuclear science and technology continue to develop is nuclear material science and technique. The progress of material science and technique will push nuclear science and technology forward greatly. Primary countries and organizations such as USA, England, European Union, and Australia have deployed actively in technology research and development. In order to obtain a complete picture of state-of-the-art and trend of nuclear science and technology, herein Thomson Data Analyzer (TDA), Thomson Innovation(TI) and Ucinet were used to analyse all the nuclear material patents data including patent from Derwent Innovation Index and Chinese patent application from China Patent Office. Technology development trend has been analysed including important applicants and regional protected characteristics. ‘Patent Technology - effect Matrix’ analysis was also used to analyse nuclear material technology. Hot competition, technology gap, and patent risk in China were also explored.