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Progress in Chemistry 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (2/3): 433-441 DOI: 10.7536/PC180623 Previous Articles   Next Articles

Electroautotrophic Microorganisms:Uptaking Extracellular Electron and Catalyzing CO2 Fixation and Synthesis

Hong Su1,2, Yejun Han1,**()   

  1. 1. National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
    2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • Received: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Yejun Han
  • About author:
    ** E-mail:
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21676279); Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA13040102); Priority Program of National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering of China
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Electroautotrophic microorganisms can uptake electrons from extracellular solid donors such as metallic iron or steel, electrodes, and symbiotic microbial cells. Fuels and commodity chemicals can be produced from CO2 in a bioelectrochemical system powered by electricity and catalyzed by electroautotrophic microorganisms since they are often able to reduce and fix CO2. Thus, this provides a new and promising strategy to cope with the word energy crisis and greenhouse effect. Metabolic properties and electron uptake abilities of electroautotrophic microorganisms have direct and significant influences on viability and productivity of electrosynthesis processes. In this review, a diversity of microbial physiologies uptaking electrons from iron or steel, electrode and microbial cell, including sulphate reduction, methanogenesis, acetogenesis and nitrate reduction, are respectively summarized in the first place. Then, research progress of electrosynthesis of methane, acetate and other chemicals catalyzed by diverse electroautotrophic microorganisms are reviewed. And strategies for improving CO2 fixation and electrosynthesis efficiency and diversifying the products are emphasized, such as defined co-culture construction, cathode material modification and so on. At last, research efforts in clarifying extracellular electron transfer mechanism, catalyzing microorganisms screening and co-culture construction, and genetic engineering of electroautotrophic microbes are proposed as future directions for researchers.

Key words: uptaking extracellular electron, electroautotrophic microorganisms, microbial electrosynthesis, CO2 fixation
Table 1 Major isolated strains identified as EMIC-inducing microorganisms
Strain name Electron acceptor Isolation sources ref
Sulfate-reducing bacteria
Desulfopila corrodens strain IS4 Sulphate Marine sediment 5
Desulfovibrio ferrophilus strain IS5 Marine sediment
Methanogens
Methanobacterium sp. IM1 Carbon dioxide Marine sediment
Methanococcus maripaludis KA1 Crude-oil storage tank 9
Methanococcus maripaludis Mic1c10 Crude-oil storage tank
Methanosarcina barkeri / 8
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum /
Acetogens
Sporomusa sp. GT1 Carbon dioxide Rice paddy field 12
Nitrate-reducing bacteria
Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 Nitrate Soil 13
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Marine environment 14
Prolixibacter sp. MIC1-1 Crude-oil well 16
Table 2 Major microorganisms acquire electrode electrons related to MES
Microorganism Cathode Cathode potential(V) Electron acceptor ref
Methanogens
Methanobacterium palustre Carbon cloth -0.80 vs. SHE Carbon dioxide 18
Methanosarcina barkeri Platinum -0.80 vs. SHE 28
Methanobacterium sp. IM1 Graphite -0.40 vs. SHE 29
Acetogens
Sporomusa ovata Graphite -0.40 vs. SHE Carbon dioxide 30
Sporomusa silvacetica Graphite -0.40 vs. SHE 31
Sporomusa sphaeroides Graphite -0.40 vs. SHE
Clostridium ljungdahlii Graphite -0.40 vs. SHE
Clostridium aceticum Graphite -0.40 vs. SHE
Moorella thermoacetica Graphite -0.40 vs. SHE
Geobacter
Geobacter metallireducens Graphite -0.50 vs. Ag/AgCl Nitrate 20
Geobacter sulfurreducens Graphite -0.50 vs. Ag/AgCl Fumarate
O2-reducing bacteria
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans FTO-glass +0.40 vs. SHE Carbon dioxide
Oxygen		 21
Mariprofundus ferrooxydans PV-1 Graphite -0.076 vs. SHE 23
Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 Graphite +0.10 vs. SHE 24
Ralstonia eutropha H16 NiMoZn +0.85 vs. Ag/AgCl 25
Nitrosomonas europaea Copper +0.12 vs. Ag/AgCl 27
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of microbial electrosynthesis from CO2 [32, 38]
Table 3 Part of research involving in microbial electrosynthesis
Product Microorganism Cathode Cathode potential
(V vs. SHE)		 Productivity
(mmol·m-2·d-1)		 Coulombic efficiency
(%)		 ref
CH4
Methanobacterium palustre Carbon cloth -0.80 200 96 18
Desulfopila corrodens strain IS4 &
Methanococcus maripaludis strain MM901		 Graphite -0.40
-0.50		 24~33.6
144~216		 90~110a 40
Methanogenic culture Carbon cloth -0.90 0.055 mmol·d-1·mgVSS-1 80 41
Anaerobic sludge Graphite felt -0.70 115.7 / 42
Methanogenic culture Graphite rod An applied
potential of
0.60		 0.47 mL·cm-2·d-1 ~70 43
Acetate
Sporomusa ovata Graphite -0.40 23 85 30
Sporomusa ovata Carbon cloth -0.40 ~6 ~76 47
Sporomusa ovata Carbon cloth treated with Chitosan -0.40 ~45.8 ~86 47
Sporomusa ovata Carbon cloth treated
with Cyanuric
chloride		 -0.40 ~41 ~81 47
Sporomusa ovata Carbon cloth treated with Au -0.40 ~36.2 ~83
Sporomusa ovata Ni nanowire coated graphite -0.40 56.4 ~82 48
Sporomusa ovata 3D graphene
functionalized
carbon felt		 -0.69 ~231.4 ~86.5 49
Sporomusa silvacetica Graphite -0.40 1.06 ~48 31
Sporomusa sphaeroides Graphite -0.40 0.77 ~84
Clostridium ljungdahlii Graphite -0.40 2.37 ~82
Clostridium aceticum Graphite -0.40 0.98 ~53
Moorella thermoacetica Graphite -0.40 1.74 ~85
Moorella thermoautotrophica penicillin treatment Graphite plate -0.60 vs. SCE 7.14 ~88 50
Moorella thermoautotrophica Carbon felt
immobilized with
microbes		 -0.40 58.2 65 51
Desulfopila corrodens strain IS4 & Acetobacterium woodii Graphite -0.40
-0.50		 50.4~55.2
136.8~177.6		 90~110a 40
Acetogenic mixture Graphene-nickel foam -0.85 3.11 mM·d-1 70 53
Acetogenic mixture Carbon felt with self-assembled graphene oxide/biofilm -0.85 0.17 g·L-1·d-1 77 54
Glycerol Geobacter sulfurreducens Stainless steel -0.40 / / 56
Isobutanol
Isoamylol		 Ralstonia eutropha strain LH740D In foil -1.40 17.0
8.0		 / 26
Wax ester Sporomusa ovata & Acinetobacter baylyi Graphite stick -0.69 38 μmol·L-1 4.6 60
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